Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Bulan

{{Infobox Planet
| name = Bulan
| apsis = gee
| alt_names = Wulan, Candra, Lunar
| symbol = [[Barakas:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|24px|☾]]
| image = [[Barakas:FullMoon2010.jpg|frameless|alt=Full moon in the darkness of the night sky. It is patterned with a mix of light-tone regions and darker, irregular blotches, and scattered with varying sizes of impact craters, circles surrounded by out-thrown rays of bright ejecta.|Full moon]]
| caption = [[Bulan purnama]] terlihat dari [[belahan utara]] Bumi 
| periapsis = {{val|363295|u=km}}<br>({{val|0.0024|ul=AU}})
| apoapsis = {{val|405503|u=km}} <br>({{val|0.0027|u=AU}})
| semimajor = {{val|384399|u=km}}<br> ({{val|0.00257|u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/>
| eccentricity = {{val|0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/>
| period = {{val|27.321582|ul=d}} {{nowrap|(27 d 7 h 43,1 min<ref name="W06"/>)}}
| synodic_period = {{val|29.530589|u=d}} {{nowrap|(29 d 12 h 44 min 2,9 s)}}
| avg_speed = {{val|1.022|ul=km/s}}
| inclination = 5,145° ke [[ekliptika]]<ref name="Lang2011"/> (antara 18,29° dan 28,58° ke [[khatulistiwa]] Bumi)<ref name="W06"/><!--Wieczorek et al. 2006; 18.29° when the longitude of the Moon's ascending node is 180°, 28.58° when it is 0°-->
| asc_node = Mundur satu [[Revolusi orbit|revolusi]] dalam 18,6&nbsp;tahun
| arg_peri = Maju satu revolusi dalam 8,85&nbsp;tahun
| satellite_of = [[Bumi]]
| flattening = {{val|0.00125}}<!--Calculated from data below-->
| equatorial_radius = {{val|1738.14|u=km}} (0,273&nbsp;Bumi)<ref name="NSSDC"/>
| polar_radius = {{val|1735.97|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>
| mean_radius = {{val|1737.10|u=km}} {{nowrap|(0,273 Bumi)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/>
| circumference = {{val|10921|u=km}} ([[khatulistiwa]])
| surface_area = {{val|3.793|e=7|u=km2}} {{nowrap|(0,074 Bumi)}}
| volume = {{val|2.1958|e=10|u=km3}} {{nowrap|(0,020 Bumi)}}
| mass = {{val|7.3477|e=22|u=kg}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.012300}} Bumi<ref name="W06"/>)}}
| density = {{val|3.3464|ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/>
| surface_grav = {{val|1.622|ul=m/s2}} {{nowrap|({{val|0.1654|u=[[Gaya-g|g]]}})}}
| escape_velocity = {{val|2.38|ul=km/s}}
| sidereal_day = {{val|27.321582|u=d}} ([[Rotasi sinkron|sinkron]])
<!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 -->
| rot_velocity = {{nowrap|4,627 m/s}}
| axial_tilt = 1,5424° (ke [[ekliptika]])<!-- 1.533° according to Conn 2007 --> <br> 6,687° (ke [[Bidang orbit (astronomi)|bidang orbit]])<ref name="Lang2011"/><!-- 6.4° according to<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>-->
| albedo = 0,136<ref name="Saari"/>
| magnitude = −2,5 sampai −12,9{{efn|name=maxval}} <br> −12,74 (rata-rata [[bulan purnama]])<ref name="NSSDC"/>
| angular_size = 29,3 sampai 34,1 [[menit busur]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn|name=angular size}}
| temp_name1 = Khatulistiwa
| min_temp_1 = -173º [[Celcius|C]]
| mean_temp_1 = -53º C
| max_temp_1 = 116º C
| temp_name2 = 85°N{{lower|0.3em|<ref name="Vasavada1999"/>}}
| min_temp_2 = -203&nbsp;°C
| mean_temp_2 = -143º C
| max_temp_2 = -43º C

| atmosphere_ref =<ref name="L06"/>
| surface_pressure = 10<sup>−7</sup> [[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] (siang) <br> 10<sup>−10</sup> Pa (malam){{efn|name=pressure explanation}}
| atmosphere_composition = [[Argon|Ar]], [[Helium|He]], [[Sodium|Na]], [[Potasium|K]], [[Hidrogen|H]], [[Radon|Rn]]
| atmosphere = yes
| adjectives = lunar, komariah
}}
[[Barakas:US Navy 041027-N-9500T-001 The moon turns red and orange during a total lunar eclipse.jpg|jmpl|ka|Bulan bawarna habang wan jingga, tajanak matan Bumi pas [[garaha]], wayah Bumi baandak di antara Bulan wan Matahari]]
'''Bulan''' (simbol: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|16px|☾]]) adalah [[satelit alami]] [[Bumi]] sabubutingannya{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002" /> wan adalah satilit [[Daptar satilit alami|pangganalnya kalima]] dalam [[Tata Surya]]. Bulan jua adalah satelit alami pangganalnya di Tata Surya maumpat ukuran [[planet]] nang di urbitnya,{{efn|name=Charon and Pluto}} lawan diamitir 27%, kakajalan 60%, wan [[massa]] {{frac|1|81}} (1.23%) matan Bumi. Di antara satilit alami lainnya, Bulan adalah satilit pangajalnya kadua imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]], satilit [[Jupiter|Yupiter]].

Bulan baandak di [[rotasi sinkron]] lawan Bumi, nang rancak maampaiakan higa nang sama di Bumi, lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]] ditandai ulih [[Maria Bulan|mare]] pulkanik kadap nang tadapat di antara dataran tinggi karak nang tarang wan [[kawah tubrukan]] nang manungkung. Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya imbah [[Matahari]]. Saupama Bulan kaya liwar putih wan tarang, pamukaan Bulan sabujurnya kadap, lawan [[reflektansi|tingkat katarangan]] nang sadikit labih tinggi matan aspal incir. Matan jaman kunu, andaknya nang manungkung di langit wan [[pasa bulan|pasanya]] nang taatur sudah mampangaruhi banyak budaya, tamasuk [[Bulan#nama wan itimulugi|basa]], [[Almanak Bulan|pananggalan]], [[Bulan dalam piksi|sani]], wan [[Deifikasi Bulan|mitulugi]]. Pangaruh [[gravitasi]] Bulan maulah tajadinya [[pasang surut]] di lautan wan [[Aksilarasi pasang surut|pamanjangan waktu]] wayah hari di Bumi. Intang orbit Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini adalah kikira talu puluh kali matan diamitir Bumi, nang maulah ukuran Bulan nang cungul di langit parak sama ganal lawan ukuran Matahari, jadi mambada'i Bulan gasan manukupi Matahari wan maulah tajadinya [[garaha matahari]] hibak. Intang linear Bulan matan Bumi wayah ngini banaik lawan laju 3.82±0.07&nbsp;cm satahun, saupama laju ngini kada kunstan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-04-04 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327042528/http://lasp.colorado.edu/life/GEOL5835/Moon_presentation_19Sept.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Bulan dikikiraakan tabantuk kikira 4,5 miliar tahun nang lalu, kada lawas imbah pabantukan Bumi. Saupama tadapat sajumlah hipotesis manganai asal-muasal Bulan, hiputisis nang paling ditarima wayah ngini manjalasakan bahua Bulan tabantuk matan rarapaian nang takulayak imbah sabuah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] [[Hiputisis ranjahan ganal|baranjahan]] lawan Bumi.

Bulan adalah sabubutingannya [[banda langit]] salain Bumi nang sudah [[Pandaratan di Bulan|didarati ulih manusia]]. [[Parugram Luna]] [[Uni Soviet]] adalah wahana panambaian nang sampai ka Bulan lawan [[kapal tarabang ruang angkasa]] nirawak wayah tahun 1959; [[parugram Apollo]] [[NASA]] [[Amirika Sarikat]] adalah misi luar angkasa baawak sabubutingannya nang sudah sampai ka Bulan sampai wayah ngini, dimulai lawan palungsuran misi baawak [[Apollo 8]] nang maurbit Bulan wayah tahun 1968, wan diumpati ulih anam misi pandaratan baawak antara tahun 1969 wan 1972, nang pamulaan adalah [[Apollo 11]]. Misi ngini bulik ka Bumi mambawa 380&nbsp;kg [[batuan Bulan]], nang dipakai gasan mangambangakan pamahaman [[giulugi]] manganai asal-muasal, pambantukan [[Satruktur dalam Bulan|satruktur dalam]], wan [[Giulugi Bulan|sajarah giulugi Bulan]].

Imbah misi [[Apollo 17]] wayah 1972, Bulan wastu disinggahi ulih kapal tarabang ruang angkasa nirawak. Misi-misi ngitu rancaknya adalah misi urbit; matan tahun 2004, [[Japang]], [[Tiongkok]], [[India]], [[Amirika Sarikat]], wan [[Badan Luar Angkasa Irupa]] sudah malungsurakan wahana pangurbit Bulan, nang umpat basumbangsih tahadap panamuan [[Banyu Bulan|is banyu]] di kawah kutup Bulan. Imbah Apollo, dua nagara jua sudah mangirimakan misi [[Rover (panjalajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] ka Bulan, misi [[Lunokhod]] Soviet pahabisan pas tahun 1973, wan misi basambungan [[Chang'e 3]] RRC, nang malungsurakan [[Yutu (rover)|rover Yutu]] wayah tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013.

Misi baawak ka Bulan wayah masa hadapan sudah dirancanaakan ulih banyak nagara, baik nang didanai ulih pamarintah atawa swasta. Di bawah [[Pajanjian Luar Angkasa]], Bulan tatap bibas dijalajahi ulih sabarataan nagara gasan tujuan damai.

== Asal usul ngaran ==
Dalam [[bahasa Inggris|basa Inggris]], ngaran gasan satelit alami Bumi adalah ''moon''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/themes/naming/#spelling|title=Naming Astronomical Objects: Spelling of Names|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=29 March 2010}}
</ref><ref name="PN-FAQ" /> Kata banda ''moon'' babibit matan kata ''moone'' (kikira tahun 1380), nang jua bakambang matan kata ''mone'' (1135), babibit matan kata basa Inggris Kuno ''mōna'' (sabalum 725). Sama halnya lawan sabaratan kata kulaan dalam basa Jermanik lainnya, kata ngini babibit matan basa Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnōn''.<ref name="barnhart1995" />

Sambatan lain gasan Bulan dalam basa Inggris mudirin adalah ''lunar'', asalnya matan basa Latin ''Luna''. Sambatan lainnya nang kada tapi awam adalah ''selenic'', matan bahasa Yunani Kuno ''Selene'' ({{Lang|el|''Σελήνη''}}), nang imbahnya jadi dasar pangaranan ''selenografi''.<ref name="oed" />
== Pambantukan ==
{{main|Asal mula Bulan|Hipotesis rumpakan ganal}}
[[Barakas:Evolution of the Moon.ogv|jmpl|kiri|Evolusi Bulan.]]
Babarapa mikanisme nang diajuakan manganai pambantukan Bulan manyatakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk pada 4,527 ± 0,010 miliar tahun nang bahari,{{efn|name=age}} kikira 30-50 juta tahun imbah pambantukan Tata Surya.<ref>{{cite journal|doi= 10.1126/science.1118842 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |year=2005 |volume=310 |issue=5754 |pages=1671–1674 |title=Hf–W Chronometry of Lunar Metals and the Age and Early Differentiation of the Moon |last=Kleine |first=T. |coauthors=Palme, H.; Mezger, K.; Halliday, A.N. |pmid=16308422|bibcode = 2005Sci...310.1671K }}</ref> Panalitian pahanyarnya nang digawi ulih Rick Carlson manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baumur sakurang-kurangnya 4,4 sampai 4,45 miliar tahun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/22894-moon-age-100-million-years-younger.html |title=Carnegie Institution for Science research |accessdate=2013-10-12}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-09-moon-younger-thought.html |title=Phys.org's account of Carlson's presentation to the Royal Society |accessdate=2013-10-13}}</ref> Hipotesis naya antara lain manjalasakan bahwa fisi Bulan baasal matan karak Bumi akibat [[gaya sentrifugal]],<ref name="Binder" /><ref name="BotM" /> panangkapan [[gravitasi]] sawalum pambantukan Bulan,<ref name="Mitler" /> wan pambantukan Bumi wan Bulan sacara basamaan di [[cakram akresi]] primordial.<ref name="BotM"/> Hipotesis naya kada manjalasakan tinggi [[momentum buncu]] matan sistim Bumi-Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stevenson |first=D.J. |title=Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |year=1987 |volume=15|issue=1 |pages=271–315 |bibcode=1987AREPS..15..271S |doi=10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415}}</ref>

Hipotesis nang balaku damini manjalasakan bahwa sistim Bumi-Bulan tabantuk akibat [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|rumpukan ganal]], wayah banda langit saukuran [[Mars]] (bangaran ''[[Theia (planet)|Theia]]'') barumpakan lawan [[Sejarah Bumi|proto-Bumi]] nang hanyar tabantuk, mamuakakan matarial ka urbit di paraknya nang imbahnya bakumpul gasan mambantuk Bulan.<ref name="taylor1998" /> Hipotesis naya mungkin marupakan hipotesis nang paling manjalasakan manganai asal usul Bulan, meskipun panjalasannya kada sampurna.

Rumpakan ganal diparkiraakan umum tajadi pada awal pambantukan Tata Surya. Pemodelan simulasi komputer manganai rumpakan ganal sasuai lawan ukuran momentum buncu sistem Bumi-Bulan wan ukuran inti Bulan nang halus. Simulasi naya jua manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal materi pada Bulan baasal matan planet nang marumpak, lain matan proto-Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Canup |first=R. |coauthors=Asphaug, E. |title=Origin of the Moon in a giant impact near the end of Earth's formation |journal=Nature |volume=412 |pages=708–712 |year=2001 |doi=10.1038/35089010 |pmid=11507633 |issue=6848 |bibcode=2001Natur.412..708C}}</ref> Akan tetapi, pangujian pahanyarnya manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal matari Bulan baasal matan Bumi, lain matan nang marumpak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071219-moon-collision.html |title=Earth-Asteroid Collision Formed Moon Later Than Thought |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |date=28 October 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2021-02-04 |archive-date=2018-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727164701/http://digitalcommons.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2FTouboul.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature06428 | title = Late formation and prolonged differentiation of the Moon inferred from W isotopes in lunar metals | year = 2007 | last1 = Touboul | first1 = M. | last2 = Kleine | first2 = T. | last3 = Bourdon | first3 = B. | last4 = Palme | first4 = H. | last5 = Wieler | first5 = R. | journal = Nature | volume = 450 | issue = 7173 | pages = 1206–9 | pmid = 18097403 |bibcode = 2007Natur.450.1206T }}</ref> Bukti [[meteorit]] manunjukakan bahwa materi banda langit nang lain kaya [[Mars]] wan [[Vesta (asteroid)|Vesta]] baisi oksigen wan komposisi [[isotop]] nang balain banar lawan Bumi, sadangkan Bulan wan Bumi baisi komposisi isotop nang pina mahirip. Pancampuran matari nang manguap imbah rumpakan antara banda langit pambantuk Bulan lawan Bumi diparkiraakan manyamaakan komposisi isotop buhannya,<ref name="Pahlevan2007" /> bujur hal naya masih dirucauakan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nield |first=Ted |title=Moonwalk (summary of meeting at Meteoritical Society's 72nd Annual Meeting, Nancy, France) |journal=Geoscientist |volume=19 |page=8 |year=2009|url =http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/gsl/geoscientist/geonews/page6072.html}}</ref>

Ganalnya energi nang dilapasakan wayah tajadinya rumpakan ganal wan akresi materi di orbit Bumi nang tajadi imbahnya cagar malunuhakan kulimbit hagian luar Bumi, nang imbahnya mambantuk lautan magma.<ref name="Warren1985" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Tonks|first=W. Brian|coauthors=Melosh, H. Jay|year=1993|title=Magma ocean formation due to giant impacts|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=98|issue=E3|pages=5319–5333|bibcode=1993JGR....98.5319T|doi=10.1029/92JE02726}}</ref> Bulan nang hanyar tabantuk baisi jua [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] saurang; kikira kadalamannya kisaran 500&nbsp;km matan radius kasabarataan Bulan.<ref name="Warren1985" />

Bujur akurasi dalam manjalaskan pambantukan Bulan didukung oleh banyak bukti, masih tadapat babarapa kangalihan nang kada sahibaknya kawa dijalasakan oleh hipotesis rumpakan ganal, tautama nang bakaitan lawan komposisi Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Daniel Clery | title = Impact Theory Gets Whacked | volume = 342 | page = 183 | date = 11 October 2013}}</ref>

Wayah tahun 2001, tim di Carnegie Institute of Washington malaporakan panalitian nang buhannya gawi tahadap isotop batuan Bulan.<ref name=wiechert>{{Cite journal | title=Oxygen Isotopes and the Moon-Forming Giant Impact | display-authors=1 | last1=Wiechert | first1=U. | last2=Halliday | first2=A. N. | last3=Lee | first3=D.-C. | last4=Snyder | first4=G. A. | last5=Taylor | first5=L. A. | last6=Rumble | first6=D. | volume=294 | issue=12 | pages=345–348 |date=October 2001 | doi=10.1126/science.1063037 | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/294/5541/345 | accessdate=2009-07-05 | publisher=[[Science (jurnal)]] | pmid=11598294 | journal=Science |bibcode = 2001Sci...294..345W }}</ref> Tim naya mahaga bahwa batuan Bulan nang dibawa ka Bumi malalui [[Program Apollo]] baisi isotop nang mahirip lawan batuan Bumi, wan balainan lawan batuan pada kabanyakan banda langit nang lainnya di Tata Surya. Marga sapalih ganal materi nang lapas ka orbit wan mambantuk Bulan diduga baasal matan [[Theia (planet)|Theia]], pahagaan naya sama sakali kada terduga. Pada tahun 2007, bubuhan panaliti matan California Institute of Technology mamadahakan bahwa kasamaan isotop antara Bumi lawan Theia kurang matan 1%.<ref name=ps2007>{{Cite journal | last1=Pahlevan | first1=Kaveh | last2=Stevenson | first2=David | title=Equilibration in the Aftermath of the Lunar-forming Giant Impact | journal=EPSL | volume=262 | issue=3–4 |date=October 2007 | pages=438–449 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.055 | bibcode=2007E&PSL.262..438P |arxiv = 1012.5323 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2012, analisis nang digawi tahadap sampel isotop Bulan manunjukakan bahwa Bulan baisi komposisi isotop nang sama lawan Bumi,<ref name="test" /> [[Hipotesis rumpakan ganal|batantangan]] lawan hipotesis nang manjalasakan bahwa Bulan tabantuk jauh matan orbit Bumi atawa matan Theia.
== Karakteristik fisik ==
=== Struktur dalam ===
{{main|Struktur dalam Bulan}}
[[Barakas:Moon diagram.svg|jmpl|kiri|Struktur Bulan]]
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"
|+ Komposisi kimia parmukaan Bulan (baasal matan batuan kerak)<ref>{{cite book
|author=Taylor, Stuart Ross
|title= Lunar science: A post-Apollo view|year=1975
|page=64|publisher=New York, Pergamon Press, Inc.
|url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html}}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. -->
! rowspan="2"|Sanyawa
! rowspan="2"|Rumus
! colspan="2"|Komposisi (wt %)
|-
! style="font-size: smaller;" | Mare
! style="font-size: smaller;" | Dataran tinggi
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Silikon dioksida|silika]]
| SiO<sub>2</sub>
| 45.4%
| 45.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Aluminium oksida|alumina]]
| Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
| 14.9%
| 24.0%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Kalsium oksida|kapur]]
| CaO
| 11.8%
| 15.9%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[besi(II) oksida]]
| FeO
| 14.1%
| 5.9%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[Magnesium oksida|magnesia]]
| MgO
| 9.2%
| 7.5%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[titanium dioksida]]
| TiO<sub>2</sub>
| 3.9%
| 0.6%
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | [[sodium oksida]]
| Na<sub>2</sub>O
| 0.6%
| 0.6%
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! 99.9%
! 100.0%
|}

Bulan tarumbung banda langit [[Diferensiasi planet|diferensiasi]], nang sacara [[geokimia]] baisi komposisi [[Kerak (geologi)|kerak]], [[Mantel (geologi)|mantel]], wan [[Inti planet|inti]] nang balain lawan banda langit nang lain. Bulan sugih lawan wasi padat di hagian inti dalam, lawan radius kikira 240&nbsp;km, wan fluida di hagian inti luar, tautama nang taulah matan wasi cair, lawan radius kikira 300&nbsp;km. Di intang hagian inti Bulan tadapat lapisan pawatas babantuk cair lawan radius kikira 500&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title=NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher=NASA|date=January 6, 2011|access-date=October 17, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Struktur naya diparkiraakan tarbantuk akibat [[Kristalisasi fraksional (geologi)|kristalisasi fraksional]] pada [[lautan magma Bulan|lautan magma]] satumat imbah pambantukan Bulan 4,5 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1038/ngeo417|title =Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon|year = 2009|last1 = Nemchin|first1 = A.|last2 = Timms|first2 = N.|last3 = Pidgeon|first3 = R.|last4 = Geisler|first4 = T.|last5 = Reddy|first5 = S.|last6 = Meyer|first6 = C.|journal = Nature Geoscience|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 133–136|bibcode = 2009NatGe...2..133N }}</ref> Kristalisasi lautan magma naya cagar mambantuk mantel [[mafik]], nang jua disababkan ulih curah hujan wan palunuhan mineral [[olivin]], [[klinopiroksen]], wan [[ortopiroksen]]; imbah talung parampat lautan magma takristalisasi, mineral [[plagioklas]] bakapadatan randah cagar tabantuk wan maapung ka hagian atas lapisan karak.<ref name="S06" /> Cairan pahabisan nang marasani proses kristalisasi cagar tajabak di antara karak wan mantel, lawan [[Kompabilitas (geokimia)|inkompabilitas]] wan unsur panghasil panas nang balimpah.<ref name="W06" /> Sasuai lawan proses naya, pemetaan geokimia matan orbit manunjukakan bahwa sapalih ganal karak Bulan basifat [[anortosit]],<ref name="L06" /> wan pangujian nang digawi tahadap sampel [[batuan Bulan]] nang baasal matan banjir lava di parmukaan jua manjalasakan bahwa komposisi mantel mafik Bulan tasugih lawan wasi amun dibandingakan lawan Bumi.<ref name="W06" /> Teknik geofisika manjalasakan bahwa kakandalan rata-rata karak Bulan adalah ~50&nbsp;km.<ref name="W06" />

Bulan adalah satelit pamadatnya nang kadua di [[Tata Surya]] imbah [[Io (bulan)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> tapi, inti dalam Bulan tatumbung halus, lawan radius kikira 350&nbsp;km atawa kurang;<ref name="W06" /> ukuran naya hanya ~20% matan ukuran Bulan sacara saigian, balain lawan [[Planet kebumian|benda langit kebumian]] nang lain, nang ukuran inti dalamnya parak 50% matan ukuran saigian. Komposisi Bulan balum dikatahui sacara pasti, namun diduga parpaduan matan wasi metalik lawan sajumlah halus [[sulfur]] wan [[nikel]]; analisis manganai waktu rotasi variabel Bulan manunjukakan bahwa sapalih inti Bulan babantuk cair.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Williams|first = J.G.|coauthors = Turyshev, S.G.; Boggs, D.H.; Ratcliff, J.T.|title = Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy|journal = Advances in Space Research|year = 2006|volume = 37|issue = 1|page = 6771|bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W|doi = 10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013|arxiv = gr-qc/0412049 }}</ref>

=== Geologi permukaan ===
{{main|Geologi Bulan|Batuan Bulan}}
{{See also|Topografi Bulan}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
|width = 
|image1 = Moon nearside LRO.jpg
|alt1 = The dark irregular mare lava plains are prominent in the fully illuminated disk. A single bright star of ejecta, with rays stretching a third of the way across the disk, emblazons the lower centre: this is the crater Tycho.
|caption1 = [[Sisi parak Bulan]]
|image2 = Moon Farside LRO.jpg
|alt2 = This full disk is nearly featureless, a uniform grey surface with almost no dark mare. There are many bright overlapping dots of impact craters.
|caption2 = [[Sisi jauh Bulan]], lawan [[mare]] kadap nang parak kadada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Landscapes from the ancient and eroded lunar far side |publisher=esa |url=http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDWNWALPE_index_0.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref>
}}

[[Barakas:MoonTopoLOLA.png|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt = Topography of the Moon measured from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced to a sphere of radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografi Bulan]]
{{multiple image
|align = right
|width = 
|image1 = LRO WAC North Pole Mosaic (PIA14024).jpg
|alt1 = 
|caption1 = [[Kutub utara Bulan]]
|image2 = LRO WAC South Pole Mosaic.jpg
|alt2 = 
|caption2 = [[Kutub selatan Bulan]]
}}

[[Topografi]] Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai metode [[altimetri laser]] wan [[Stereoskop|analisis gambar stereo]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging|author=Spudis, Paul D.; Cook, A.; Robinson, M.; Bussey, B.; Fessler, B.| bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S|journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets|page=69|date=January 1998|last2=Cook|last3=Robinson|last4=Bussey|last5=Fessler}}</ref> Bantuk topografi nang panjalasanya talihat adalah [[basin Kutub Selatan Aitken]] di sisi jauh, lawan diameter kikira 2.240&nbsp;km, nang marupakan kawah pangganalnya di Bulan lawan kawah pangganalnya nang suah dihaga di Tata Surya.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal|doi =10.1029/97GL01718 |first1 = C.M.|last1 = Pieters|first2 =S.|last2 =Tompkins|first3 =J.W.|last3 =Head|first4 =P.C.|last4 =Hess|title = Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle|journal = Geophysical Research Letters|volume = 24|issue = 15|pages = 1903–1906|year =1997|bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> Titik parandahnya pada parmukaan Bulan bagana pada kadalaman 13&nbsp;km.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html|title = The Biggest Hole in the Solar System|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|date = 17 July 1998|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sadangkan titik paningginya baandak di hagian timur laut, nang diduga maalami pangandalan marga pambantukan basin Kutub Salatan Aitken.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schultz|first=P. H.|date=March 1997|page=1259|volume=28|title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games|journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference|bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Basin raksasa lain, nang kaya [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], baisi libar wan katinggian nang tarandah.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> Katinggian rata-rata sisi jauh Bulan kikira 1,9&nbsp;km tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan sisi parak.<ref name="W06" />

==== Fitur vulkanis ====
{{main|Mare}}

Dataran Bulan nang bawarna gelap wan kawa diitihi lawan mata talanjang disambat lawan ''[[mare|maria]]'' ([[bahasa Latin]] gasan "laut"; atawa ''mare'' dalam bantuk tunggal), marga wayah bahari bubuhan astronom mangira bahwa dataran naya dihibaki ulih [[banyu]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Wlasuk, Peter|title = Observing the Moon|url = http://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C|year = 2000|publisher = Springer|isbn = 978-1-85233-193-1|page = 19 }}</ref> Dataran naya barupa kulam ganal nang tabantuk matan [[lava]] [[basal]]. Bujur serupa lawan basal kebumian, basal mare baisi kandungan wasi nang tatinggi wan kandungan mineral nang kurang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html|title = The Oldest Moon Rocks|last = Norman|first = M.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries|date = 21 April 2004|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Varricchio|first = L.|title = Inconstant Moon|year = 2006|publisher = Xlibris Books|isbn = 978-1-59926-393-9 }}</ref> sahagian ganal lava naya malatus atawa mangalir malalui proses nang basamaan lawan pambantukan [[kawah rumpakan]]. Babarapa bantuk geologi parmukaan Bulan kaya [[gunung berapi perisai]] wan [[kubah Bulan|kubah]] vulkanis kawa dihaga di maria di [[sisi parak Bulan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last = Head|first = L.W.J.W.|title = Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement|journal = Journal of Geophysical Research|year = 2003|volume = 108|url = http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|accessdate = 12 April 2007|issue = E2|doi = 10.1029/2002JE001909|page = 5012|bibcode = 2003JGRE..108.5012W|archive-date = 12 March 2007|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

Maria kawa dihaga hampir di sabigian sisi parak Bulan, mancakup 31% matan total parmukaan di sisi parak,<ref name="worldbook" /> jauh tatinggi amun dibandingakan lawan maria pada sisi jauh, nang persentasenya hanya 2%.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Gillis|first = J.J.|coauthors = Spudis, P.D.|title = The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria|journal = Lunar and Planetary Science|year = 1996|volume = 27|pages = 413–404|bibcode = 1996LPI....27..413G|last2 = Spudis}}</ref> Hal naya diparkirakan tajadi marga tingginya [[KREEP|konsentrasi unsur panghasil panas]] di bawah karak di sisi parak, sawagaimana nang talihat pada peta geokimia nang diperoleh matan spektrometer sinar gamma ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'', nang manyababakan mantel mangalami pamanasan, lunuh, imbahnya naik ka parmukaan wan malatus.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484|title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer|author=Lawrence|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume=281|issue=5382|pages=1484–1489|doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484|issn=1095-9203|publisher=HighWire Press|date=11 August 1998|accessdate=29 August 2009|pmid=9727970|bibcode = 1998Sci...281.1484L|author-separator=,|author2=D. J.|display-authors=2|last3=Barraclough|first3=BL|last4=Binder|first4=AB|last5=Elphic|first5=RC|last6=Maurice|first6=S|last7=Thomsen|first7=DR }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html|title = A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 31 August 2000|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Sahagian ganal [[Mare|basal mare]] Bulan malatus pada periode Imbrian, kikira 3,0–3,5 miliar tahun nang bahari, meskipun hasil [[pananggalan radiometri]] manjalasakan waktunya lebih tua 4,2 miliar tahun nang lalu,<ref name="Papike" /> wan letusan pahabisan, badasarkan pananggalan [[hitungan kawah]], tajadi kikira 1,2 miliar tahun nang bahari.<ref name="Hiesinger" />

Wilayah nang bawarna tatarang pada Bulan disambat lawan ''terrae'', atawa ''dataran tinggi'' sacara umum, marga wilayah naya tatinggi matan kabanyakan maria. Badasarkan penanggalan radiometri, dataran tinggi Bulan tabantuk kikira 4,4 miliar tahun nang bahari, wan diduga merupakan [[batuan kumulasi|kumulasi]] [[plagioklas]] matan [[lautan magma Bulan]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> Balain lawan Bumi, kadada gunung di Bulan nang diyakini tabentuk akibat kajadian [[tektonik]].<ref>{{cite web|last = Munsell|first = K.|publisher = NASA|work = Solar System Exploration|title = Majestic Mountains|url = http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|date = 4 December 2006|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 2008-09-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=Nature.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |date= |accessdate=2012-11-01}}</ref>

==== Kawah rumpakan ====
[[Barakas:Moon-craters.jpg|kiri|jmpl|alt=A grey, many-ridged surface from high above. The largest feature is a circular ringed structure with high walled sides and a lower central peak: the entire surface out to the horizon is filled with similar structures that are smaller and overlapping.|Kawah [[Daedalus (kawah)|Daedalus]] di sisi jauh Bulan]]
{{See also|Daftar kawah di Bulan}}

Proses geologi lain nang mamangaruhi bantuk parmukaan Bulan adalah [[kawah rumpakan]],<ref>{{cite book|last = Melosh|first = H. J.|title = Impact cratering: A geologic process|year = 1989|publisher = Oxford Univ. Press|isbn = 978-0-19-504284-9 }}</ref> yaitu katika kawah-kawah tarbantuk akibat tubrukan antara [[asteroid]] wan [[komet]] lawan parmukaan Bulan. Diparkiraakan tadapat kikira 300.000 kawah lawan luas labih matan 1&nbsp;km di sisi parak Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moon Facts|url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412|work=SMART-1|publisher=European Space Agency|year=2010|accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> Babarapa kawah naya [[Selenografi#Pemetaan wan penamaan Bulan|dingarani]] manurut nama para pakar, ilmuwan, saniman, wan panjalajah.<ref name="gazetteer" /> [[Skala waktu geologi Bulan]] didasarakan pada kajadian rumpakan nang paling harat, tamasuk [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], wan [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], lawan struktur nang dicirikan ulih lingkaran nang tabantuk matan materi nang manguap, rajin badiameter ratusan hingga ribuan kilometer.<ref name="geologic" /> Kurangnya aktivitas atmosfer, cuaca, wan proses geologi pahanyarnya mambuktiakan bahwa kawah-kawah naya masih dalam kondisi baik. Maskipun hanya sadikit kawah nang dikatahui asal usul pambantukannya, kawah-kawah naya tatap baguna gasan manantuakan usia relatif Bulan. Marga kawah tubrukan manumpuk pada tingkat nang hampir konstan, mahitung jumlah kawah per satuan luas kawa dipakai gasan mamparkiraakan usia parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="geologic" /> Usia radiometrik batuan kawah nang dibawa ulih [[misi Apollo]] bakisar matan 3,8 sampai 4,1 miliar tahun; naya dipakai gasan manjalasakan waktu tajadinya rumpakan [[Pengeboman Berat Akhir]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |year=2007 |volume=186|issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=Icarus |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref>

Dataran nang manyalimuti hagian atas karak Bulan adalah parmukaan nang bubujuran [[Kominusi|takominusi]] (tapacah jadi partikal nang tahalus) wan lapisan parmukaan [[Pengebunan rumpakan|kebun kawah]] bangaran [[regolith]], nang tabentuk akibat proses rumpakan. Regolith nang pahalusnya, yakni [[tanah Bulan]] matan kaca [[silikon dioksida]], baisi tekstur kaya salju wan babau kaya [[mesiu]].<ref>{{cite web|date = 30 January 2006|accessdate = 15 March 2010|url = http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|title = The Smell of Moondust|publisher = NASA|archive-date = 2010-03-08|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Regolith di parmukaan nang tatuha umumnya takandal daripada parmukaan nang taanum; kakandalannya bamacam-macam, matan 10–20 m di dataran tinggi wan 3–5 m di maria.<ref>{{cite book|last = Heiken|first = G.|coauthors = Vaniman, D.; French, B. (eds.)|title = Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon|url = https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik|year = 1991|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-521-33444-0|page = [https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736] }}</ref> Di bawah lapisan regolith tadapat ''megaregolith'', lapisan batuan fraktur lawan kakandalan berkilo-kilometer.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Rasmussen|first = K.L.|coauthors = Warren, P.H.|title = Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon|journal = Nature|year = 1985|volume = 313|issue = 5998|pages = 121–124|bibcode = 1985Natur.313..121R|doi = 10.1038/313121a0}}</ref>

==== Ketersediaan banyu ====

{{main|Banyu Bulan}}
[[Barakas:Moon South Pole.jpg|jmpl|alt=Twenty degrees of latitude of the Moon's disk, completely covered in the overlapping circles of craters. The illumination angles are from all directions, keeping almost all the crater floors in sunlight, but a set of merged crater floors right at the south pole are completely shadowed.|Foto mozaik kutub selatan Bulan nang diambil oleh ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'': perhatikan bagian gelap permanen di kutub.]]

Banyu cair kada kawa batahan di parmukaan Bulan. Wayah takana radiasi Matahari, banyu ancap cagar taurai malalui proses nang dipinandui lawan [[fotodisosiasi]] wan lanyap ka luar angkasa. Namun, matan tahun 1960-an, bubuhan ilmuwan mamparkiraakan bahwa banyu es nang diangkut oleh komet wayah tajadinya rumpakan atawa nang dihasilakan ulih reaksi batuan Bulan nang kaya oksigen, wan hidrogen matan [[angin surya]], maninggalakan jejak banyu nang mungkin kawa batahan di kawah kutub salatan Bulan nang dingin wan kadap secara parmanen.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref>
 {{cite journal
 | first = William R. | last = Ward
 | title = Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis
 | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 | journal = Science
 | date = 1 August 1975
 | volume = 189
 | issue = 4200 | pages = 377–379
 | doi = 10.1126/science.189.4200.377
 | pmid = 17840827
 | bibcode = 1975Sci...189..377W }}
</ref> Simulasi komputer manunjukakan bahwa hampir 14.000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> parmukaan Bulan bagana pada hagian kutub nang kadap parmanen.<ref name="M03" /> Katarsadiaan banyu di Bulan dalam jumlah nang mayu adalah faktor panting dalam marancanaakan proses [[kolonisasi Bulan]] marga cagar maimit biaya; rancana altenatif gasan maangkut banyu matan Bumi cagar malaasakan biaya nang ganal banar.<ref name="seedhouse2009" />

Batahun-tahun nang bahari, jajak banyu sudah dihaga di parmukaan Bulan.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> Pada tahun 1994, [[Misi Clementine#Bistatic Radar Experiment|eksperimen radar bistatik]] di wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' manunjukkaan adanya kantong banyu baku di kitaran parmukaan Bulan. Namun, pengamatan radar imbahnya ulih [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]] manunjukakan bahwa pahagaan nitu mungkin adalah batuan nang talontar matan kawah rumpakan anum.<ref>{{cite web| last= Spudis|first = P.|title = Ice on the Moon|url = http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1|publisher = The Space Review|date = 6 November 2006|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref> Pada 1998, [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|spektrometer neutron]] di wahana ''Lunar Prospector'' mahaga adanya konsentrasi [[hidrogen]] nang tinggi di lapisan regolith lawan kedalaman satu meter di wilayah kutub.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Pada 2008, analisis nang digawi tahadap batuan lava vulkanis nang dibawa ka Bumi oleh Apollo 15 manunjukkan adanya kandungan banyu dalam jumlah halus pada interior batuan.<ref name="Saal2008" />

Pada tahun 2008, wahana ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' mambujurakan adanya banyu es di parmukaan Bulan lawan mamakai [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. Spektrometer maitihi adanya garis parasapan [[hidroksil]] di bawah sinar Matahari, nang mambuktiakan bahwa parmukaan Bulan baisi banyu es dalam jumlah ganal. Wahana nitu manunjukakan bahwa konsentrasi banyu es mungkin sampai 1.000&nbsp;[[ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> Pada tahun 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' mangirim 2.300&nbsp;kg impaktor ka kawah kutub nang kadap parmanen, wan mandeteksi sadikitnya tadapat 100&nbsp;kg banyu dalam material ejektor.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Analisis data LCROSS lainnya manunjukakan bahwa jumlah banyu nang tadeteksi sampai 155&nbsp;kg.<!--, or 5.6% (±2.9%) by mass.--This seems too technical for this overview--><ref name="Colaprete2010" /> Pada bulan Mei 2011, Erik Hauri malaporakan<ref name="hauri" /> adanya 615-1410 ppm [[inklusi lunuh]] banyu pada sampel Bulan 74220, "tanah kaca jingga" lawan kandungan titanium tinggi nang baasal matan kajadian vulkanis nang dikumpulakan dalam misi [[Apollo 17]] pada tahun 1972. Inklusi naya tabantuk saat tajadinya laduman ganal di Bulan kikira 3,7 miliar tahun nang bahari. Konsentrasi naya satara lawan magma di [[mantel atas]] Bumi.

=== Medan gravitasi ===
{{main|Gravitasi Bulan}}
Medan gravitasi Bulan sudah diukur lawan mamakai palacakan [[Efek Doppler|pergeseran Doppler]] pada sinyal radio nang dipancarakan ulih pasawat ruang angkasa nang ma-orbit Bulan. Bantuk gravitasi Bulan nang utama adalah [[konsentrasi massa (astronomi)|konmas]], anomali gravitasi positif nang takait lawan babarapa [[Kawah rumpakan|basin rumpakan]] ganal, sahagian disababakan ulih aliran lava basaltik mare padat nang mahibaki basin nitu.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Muller|first = P.|coauthors = Sjogren, W.|title = Mascons: lunar mass concentrations|journal = Science|volume = 161 |pages = 680–684|year = 1968|doi = 10.1126/science.161.3842.680|pmid = 17801458|issue = 3842|bibcode = 1968Sci...161..680M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = Science | author = Richard A. Kerr | title = The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? | volume = 340 | page = 128 | date = 12 April 2013}}</ref> Anomali naya babujuran mamangaruhi orbit pasawat luar angkasa di kitaran Bulan. Tadapat babarapa parucauan manganai gravitasi Bulan: lava nang maalir saurangan kada kawa manjalasakan bantuk gravitasi Bulan, wan babarapa konmas nang ada sama sakali kada takait lawan vulkanisme mare.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Konopliv|first = A.|coauthors = Asmar, S.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W.; Yuan, D.|title = Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission|journal = Icarus|volume = 50|issue = 1|pages = 1–18|year = 2001|doi = 10.1006/icar.2000.6573|bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref>

=== Medan magnet ===
{{Main|Medan magnet Bulan}}
Bulan baisi [[medan magnet]] luar kitaran 1–100 [[Tesla (satuan)|nanotesla]], kurang matan saparsaratus [[medan magnet Bumi]]. Bulan kada baisi medan magnet [[dipole|dipolar]] global, tagal dihasilakan ulih [[geodinamo]] inti logam cair, wan baisi magnetisasi kerak wara, nang mungkin sudah ada pada awal sajarah Bulan wayah geodinamo masih bauparasi.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url = http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|publisher = Lunar Prospector (NASA)|title = Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results|year = 2001|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Salain nitu, babarapa sisa magnetisasi baasal matan medan magnet samantara nang dihasilakan wayah tajadinya kajadian rumpakan harat, lawan malalui parluasan plasma nang dihasilakan uleh rumpakan. Hipotesis naya didukung oleh magnetisasi kerak nang baandak di parak [[antipode]] basin rumpakan ganal.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hood|first = L.L.|coauthors = Huang, Z.|title = Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 96|issue = B6|pages = 9837–9846|year = 1991|doi = 10.1029/91JB00308|bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref>

=== Atmosfer ===
[[Barakas:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|jmpl|Wayah matahari naik Wan tinggalam, banyak awak [[Apollo]] nang malihat cahaya tarang di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=Science.nasa.gov |date=2013-09-27 |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>]]
{{main|Atmosfer Bulan}}

Bulan baisi [[atmosfer]] nang babujuran ranggang, malahan parak [[Hampa udara|hampa]], lawan massa total kurang matan 10 ton metrik.<ref>{{cite book|editor = Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow|last = Globus|first = Ruth|title = Space Settlements: A Design Study|chapter = Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere|publisher = NASA|url = http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|year = 1977|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-05-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Takanan parmukaannya adalah kitaran 3{{esp|−15}}&nbsp;[[Atmosfer (satuan)|atm]] (0,3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); ukurannya bamacam manurut hari Bulan. Sumbar atmosfer Bulan meliputi [[pelepasan gas]] wan palapasan atom akibat bombardemen tanah Bulan oleh ion [[angin surya]].<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Crotts|first=Arlin P.S.|title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data|year=2008|publisher=Department of Astronomy, Columbia University|url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=29 September 2009|bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C|volume=687|page=692|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|doi=10.1086/591634|arxiv=0706.3949|archive-date=20 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Unsur-unsur nang takandung pada atmosfer Bulan adalah [[sodium]] wan [[potasium]], nang dihasilakan oleh palapasan atom; unsur naya jua dihaga pada atmosfer [[Merkurius]] wan [[Io (bulan)|Io]]. Unsur nang lain tamasuk [[helium-4]] nang dihasilakan matan angin surya; lawan [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], wan [[polonium-210]], nang dilapasakan ka angkasa imbah dihasilakan malalui proses [[palunuhan radioaktif]] di dalam karak wan mantel.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Lawson|first = S.|coauthors = Feldman, W.; Lawrence, D.; Moore, K.; Elphic, R.; Belian, R.|title = Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer|journal = J. Geophys. Res.|volume = 110|issue = E9|page=1029|year = 2005|doi = 10.1029/2005JE002433|bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> Kada adanya kabaradaan spesies netral (atom atawa molekul) di atmosfer kaya [[oksigen]], [[nitrogen]], [[karbon]], [[hidrogen]] wan [[magnesium]], nang tadapat pada [[regolith]], masih belum terjelaskan.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Uap banyu tadeteksi oleh ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' wan kandungannya bavariasi manurut garis lintang, lawan titik maksimum ~60–70&nbsp;derajat; uap banyu naya diduga dihasilakan malalui prusis [[Sublimasi (kimia)|sublimasi]] banyu es di regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Gas-gas naya bisa babulik ka regolith akibat gravitasi Bulan atawa hilang ka [[luar angkasa]], baik malalui tekanan radiasi surya atawa, amun taionisasi, tasapu oleh medan magnet angin surya.<ref name="Stern1999" />

=== Musim ===
[[Kemiringan sumbu]] Bulan tahadap [[ekliptika]] hanya 1,5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> jauh tahaluus matan Bumi (23,44°). Marga ngini, variasi iluminasi surya pada Bulan baisi musim nang jauh tasadikit, wan detail topografi baisi paran panting dalam efek paubahan [[musim]].<ref name="bbc" /> Badasarakan gambar nang diambil ulih wahana ''[[Clementine (pasawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' pada tahun 1994, tadapat ampat wilayah pagunungan di pinggiran [[Peary (kawah)|kawah Peary]] di kutub utara Bulan, nang diduga tatap ditarangi ulih Matahari di sapanjang hari Bulan, manciptaakan [[puncak cahaya abadi]]. Kadada wilayah kaya nitu nang tadapat di kutub salatan Bulan. Salain nitu, jua tadapat wilayah nang kada manarima cahaya sacara parmanin di hagian bawah kawah kutub,<ref name="M03" /> wan kawah-kawah kadap naya suhunya babujuran dingin; ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' mancatat suhu musim panas parandahnya di kawah kutub salatan mancapai 35&nbsp;K (−238&nbsp;°C)<ref>{{cite web |date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=UCLA |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> wan parak 26&nbsp;K wayah kajadian [[titik balik matahari musim dingin]] di [[Hermite (kawah)|kawah Hermite]] di kutub utara. Naya adalah suhu pandinginnya di Tata Surya nang suah diukur ulih wahana antariksa, malahan tadingin matan suhu parmukaan [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" />

== Hubungan lawan Bumi ==

[[Barakas:Earth-Moon.PNG|jmpl|upright=1.5|alt=Earth has a pronounced axial tilt; the Moon's orbit is not perpendicular to Earth's axis, but lies close to Earth's orbital plane.|Skema sistem Bumi-Bulan (tanpa skala konsisten)]]

=== Orbit ===

{{main|Orbit Bulan|Teori Bulan}}

Bulan manuntungakan [[orbit]] langkap mangulilingi Bumi saban 27,3 hari sakali{{efn|name=orbpd}} ([[periode sideris]]). Tagal marga Bumi bagarak pada orbitnya mangulilingi Matahari di wayah nang basamaan, dibutuhakan waktu nang sadikit talawas gasan Bulan cagar maitihakan [[fase Bulan|fase]] nang sama ka Bumi, yaitu kitaran 29,5 hari{{efn|name=synpd}} ([[periode sinodik]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Kada kanya kabanyakan satelit planet nang lain, orbit Bulan taparak ka [[bidang ekliptika]] daripada ka [[bidang khatulistiwa]] planet. Orbit Bulan [[Perturbasi (astronomi)|diperturbasi]] ulih Matahari wan Bumi dalam cara nang halus wan kompleks. Misalnya, bidang pagarakan orbit Bulan sacara batahap marasani pagisiran, nang mamangaruhi aspek pagarakan Bulan nang lain. Kajadian naya sacara matematis dijalasakan oleh [[Hukum Cassini]].<ref name="Beletskii2" />

[[Barakas:Speed of light from Earth to Moon.gif|jmpl|upright=4|pus|Skala pabandingan ukuran wan jarak Bumi-Bulan. Garis kuning marupakan parjalanan cahaya matan Bumi ka Bulan (sekitar 400.000 km atau 250.000 mil) dalam 1,26 detik.]]
{{clear}}

=== Ukuran relatif ===
Ukuran Bulan relatif ganal amun dibandingakan lawan ukuran Bumi, yakni saparampat matan diameter wan 1/81 matan massa Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Bulan adalah [[satelit alami]] pangganalnya di Tata Surya manurut ukuran relatif planet nang diorbitnya, bujur [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] taganal gasan ukuran [[planet katai]] [[Pluto]], yakni kitaran 1/9 matan massa Pluto.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=The Planetary Society|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=18 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Bujur kaya nitu, Bumi wan Bulan masih dianggap sawagai sistem planet-satelit, lain sistem [[planet ganda]], marga [[barisentrum Bumi-Bulan|barisentrum]] kadua banda langit naya baandak 1.700&nbsp;km (kitaran saparampat radius Bumi) di bawah parmukaan Bumi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet|publisher=International Astronomical Union|year=2006|url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|accessdate=24 March 2010|archive-date=2012-03-15|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdVuemz?url=http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/release/iau0601/q_answers/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

=== Panampaian matan Bumi ===
[[Barakas:Mountain Moonset.jpg|jmpl|ka|Panampaian Bulan di langit barat [[High Desert (California)]]]]
{{See also|Fase Bulan|Paitihan Bulan|Cahaya bulan}}

Bulan bagana pada [[rotasi sinkron]]; waktu nang dibutuhkan oleh Bulan gasan baputar pada porosnya kikira sama lawan waktu nang dibutuhkan gasan mengorbit Bumi. Marga nitu, Bulan aci manampaiakan higa nang sama pada Bumi. Panambaian seaarahnya, perputaran Bulan talambat wan kajadian [[panguncian pasang surut]] pada orientasi naya, tautama marga efek [[friksi]]onal deformasi [[pasang surut]] nang dipicu oleh Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Alexander|first = M. E.|title = The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems|journal = Astrophysics and Space Science|year = 1973|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 459–508|bibcode = 1973Ap&SS..23..459A|doi = 10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Higa Bulan nang mahadap Bumi disambat lawan [[higa parak Bulan|higa parak]], sedangkan higa nang mambalakangi Bumi disambat lawan [[higa jauh Bulan|higa jauh]]. Higa jauh rancaknya disalah artiakan sawagai "higa kadap", bujur pada kanyataannya higa naya ditarangi oleh cahaya nang kaya higa parak. Sakali sabulan, higa parak nang kadap kawa disaksiakan matan Bumi wayah terjadinya fase bulan hanyar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dark Side of the Moon|author=[[Phil Plait]]|publisher=Bad Astronomy:Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref>

Bulan baisi [[albedo]] nang babanaran randah, lawan tingkat katarangan nang sadikit tatarang pada aspal hitam. Bujur damintu, Bulan adalah banda langit nang panarangnya di langit imbah [[Matahari]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} Hal naya antara lain marga paningkatan katarangan akibat [[efek oposisi]]; pada fase bulan saparampat, babaya saparsapuluh hagian Bulan nang tarang, lain saparampat.<ref name="Moon" /> Salain nitu, [[konstansi warna]] pada [[sistem visual]] Bulan mengkalibrasi hubungan antara warna objek wan sekitarnya; marga langit di pintangan Bulan pina kadap, Bulan nang ditarangi Matahari batampai sawagai banda langit nang tarang. Hagian pinggir bulan purnama kaitihan sama tarang lawan hagian tangahnya, kada ba[[pengelaman tungkai]], marga sifat reflektif matan [[tanah Bulan]], nang merefleksikan tabanyak cahaya ke arah Matahari daripada ke arah lainnya. Bulan terlihat lebih besar saat berada parak lawan cakrawala, tagal hal naya baya efek psikologis wara, nang dipinandui lawan [[ilusi Bulan]] (panambaian dijalasakan pada abad ke-7 SM).<ref>{{cite book|last = Hershenson|first = Maurice|title = The Moon illusion|year = 1989|publisher = Routledge|isbn = 978-0-8058-0121-7|page = 5 }}</ref> Ganal busur rata-rata bulan purnama adalah pintangan 0,52° di langit, kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari nang talihat matan Bumi (itihi [[garaha]]).

[[file:Moon_phases_en.jpg|thumb|upright=4|Paubahan buncu antara arah pancahayaan ulih Matahari wan panampakan matan Bumi dalam waktu sabulan, wan fase Bulan nang dihasilakannya.]]

Katinggian Bulan di langit bamacam; bujur baisi watas nang pina sama lawan Matahari, katinggiannya baubah seiring lawan fase Bulan wan paubahan musim dalam satahun, lawan katinggian paningginya tajadi pas bulan purnama pada waktu musim dingin. [[Simpul Bulan|Siklus simpul]] Bulan salawas 18,6 tahun jua baisi pangaruh; ketika [[simpul orbit|simpul naik]] orbit Bulan berada pada [[ekuinoks vernal]], [[deklinasi]] Bulan kawa bagarak sajauh 28° saban bulannya. naya berarti Bulan kawa bagarak malintasi garis lintang hingga 28° matan khatulistiwa, lain 18°. Orientasi bulan sabit jua bagantung pada garis lintang; di parak khatulistiwa, bulan sabit kawa diitih lawan teropong bintang.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=393|publisher = Curious About Astronomy|title = Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world?|date = 18 October 2002|first = K.| last = Spekkens|accessdate =16 March 2010}}</ref>

Jarak antara Bulan lawan Bumi bamacam, bapintangan matan 356.400&nbsp;km sampai 406.700&nbsp;km pada [[apsis|perige]] (titik pamaraknya) wan apoge (titik panjauhnya). Pada tanggal 19 Maret 2011, Bulan saat fase hibak berada pada jarak pamaraknya lawan Bumi, pamaraknya sejak tahun 1993, yakni 14% taparak matan posisi panjauhnya di apoge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets|date=18 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011|publisher=The Press Enterprise|archive-date=2011-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Fenomena naya disambat lawan "[[bulan super]]", nang balangsung salawas asa jam pada saat [[bulan purnama]], wan 30% tatarang pada rajin marga diameter buncunya 14% taganal, marga <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Super Full Moon
  | date = 16 March 2011
  | author = Dr. Tony Phillips
  | publisher = NASA
  | accessdate = 19 March 2011
  | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/
  | archive-date = 7 May 2012
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/
  | dead-url = yes
  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
  | title = Full moon tonight is as close as it gets
  | date = 18 March 2011
  | author = Richard K. De Atley
  | publisher = The Press-Enterprise
  | accessdate = 19 March 2011
  | url = http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html
  | archive-date = 2011-03-22
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html
  | dead-url = yes
  }}</ref><ref>
 {{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years|title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years|work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011}}</ref> Pada tingkat parandahnya, katarangan Bulan matan Bumi cagar bakurang amun diitihi lawan mata tilanjang. Persentase tingkat katarangan Bulan ditantuakan oleh rumus naya:
<ref>
 {{cite web
  |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy)
  |title=Perceived Brightness
  |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html
  |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity
  |publisher=Georgia State University, GA, USA
  |accessdate=25 January 2014
}}</ref><ref>
 {{cite web
  |last=Lutron
  |title=Measured light vs. perceived light
  |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf
  |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4
  |publisher=Lutron.com
  |accessdate=25 January 2014
}}</ref>
<math>\textrm{reduksi\ barasa \%} = 100 \times \sqrt{\textrm{reduksi\ babujuran \%} \over 100}</math>
Wayah reduksi babujuran adalah 1,00 / 1,30, atau pintangan 0,770, reduksi barasa kikira 0,877, atawa 1,00 / 1,14. Hal naya maulah maningkatnya reduksi tarasa sampai 14% antara apoge wan perige Bulan pada fase nang sama.<ref>
 {{cite web
  |last=Walker
  |first=John
  |title=Inconstant Moon
  |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html
  |work=Earth and Moon Viewer
  |publisher=Fourmilab, Switzerland
  |accessdate=23 January 2014
  |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight"
  |date=May 1997
  |quote=14% [...] marga respons logaritma mata manusia.
}}</ref>

Tadapat parucauan bakanaan apakah parmukaan Bulan baubah matan waktu ka waktu. Damini, fenomena nitu dianggap sawagai ilusi wara, nang diakibatkan oleh paitihan Bulan dalam kondisi pencahayaan nang berbeda, [[penglihatan astronomi]] nang buruk, atawa gambar nang kada memadai. Tagal, [[pelepasan gas]] bahanu kajadian jua, wan diduga marupakan kajadian nang maulah [[fenomena Bulan satumat]]. Hahanyaran naya, muncul pandapat nang manyatakan bahwa pintangan 3&nbsp;km diameter parmukaan Bulan dimodifikasi oleh kajadian palapasan gas, nang kajadian pintangan sajuta tahun nang bahari.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html|last = Taylor|first = G.J.|title = Recent Gas Escape from the Moon|publisher = Planetary Science Research Discoveries, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology|date = 8 November 2006|accessdate =4 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last = Schultz|first = P.H.|coauthors = Staid, M.I.; Pieters, C.M.|year = 2006|title = Lunar activity from recent gas release|journal= Nature |volume = 444 |pages = 184–186|doi = 10.1038/nature05303|pmid = 17093445|issue = 7116|bibcode = 2006Natur.444..184S }}</ref> Panampaian Bulan, nang kaya Matahari, dipangaruhi oleh [[atmosfer]] Bumi; efek umumnya adalah [[Halo (fenomena optik)|cincin halo]] 22° nang tabantuk saat cahaya Bulan dibias-akan oleh kristal es di awan [[cirrostratus]], wan tabantuknya [[Korona (meteorologi)|cincin korona]] nang tahalus saat Bulan ditukupi oleh awan tipis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml|title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Efek pasang surut ===
{{utama|Gaya pasang surut|Akselerasi pasang surut|Pasang surut|Teori pasang surut}}

[[Pasang surut]] di Bulan umumnya marga adanya kalajuan paubahan intensitas daya tarik [[gravitasi]] Bulan pada salah sabuting higa Bumi tahadap higa nang lain, atawa disambat lawan [[gaya pasang surut]]. Fenomena naya mambantuk dua binjulan pasang surut di Bumi, nang cagar talihat jalas di parmukaan laut imbah [[pasang surut|banyu surut]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Marga Bumi baputar 27 kali taancap pada Bulan, binjulan naya bagarak basamaan lawan parmukaan Bumi taancap pada pagarakan Bulan, nang baputar mangulilingi Bumi sakali sahari nang kaya Bulan baputar pada sumbunya.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Pasang surut jua dipangaruhi oleh efek nang lain, di antaranya [[gaya gisang]] banyu tahadap sumbu rotasi Bumi malalui lantai samudra, [[inersia]] pagarakan banyu, basin samudra nang marasani panyurutan, wan osilasi antara basin samudra balain.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost|first=C.|coauthors=Bennett, A. F.; Cartwright, D. E.|year=1995|title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON|pages=639–42|journal=Science|pmid=17745840|volume=267|issue=5198|bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L|doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> Daya tarik gravitasi Matahari tahadap samudra Bumi baya satangah matan daya tarik gravitasi Bulan, wan gravitasi kadua benda langit naya baparan panting dalam maulah [[Pasang surut musim semi|pasang surut perbani wan musim semi]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" />

[[Barakas:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|jmpl|thumbtime=0:02|alt=Over one lunar month more than half of the Moon's surface can be seen from the surface of Earth.|[[Librasi]] Bulan dalam waktu sabulan.]]

Interaksi gravitasi antara Bulan wan binjulan di pintangan Bulan bafungsi sawagai [[torsi]] pada rotasi Bumi, nang malaasakan [[momentum sudut]] wan [[energi kinetik]] putaran matan paputaran Bumi.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> Akibatnya, momentum buncu diumpatakan ka orbit Bulan, nang maancapi putarannya wan maulah Bulan naik ka orbit nang tatinggi wan lawan periode nang talama. Marga itu, jarak antara Bumi lawan Bulan jua cagar maningkat, wan perputaran Bumi cagar melambat.<ref name="touma1994" /> Pengukuran lawan metode [[eksperimen rentang laser Bulan|eksperimen rentang Bulan]] mamakai reflektor laser nang digawi dalam misi [[Apollo]] mahaga bahwa jarak Bulan ka Bumi maningkat sekitar 38&nbsp;mm per tahun<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chapront|first=J.|coauthors=Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.|year=2002|title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=387|issue=2|pages=700–709|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420|bibcode = 2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (meskipun angka naya hanya 0,10 [[ppb]]/tahun matan radius orbit Bulan). [[Jam atom]] jua manunjukkan bahwa lawas hari di Bumi maningkat pintangan 15 [[mikrodetik]] per tahun,<ref>{{cite web|last = Ray|first = R.|date = 15 May 2001|url = http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|title = Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation|publisher = IERS Special Bureau for Tides|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archive-date = 2010-03-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> nang sacara bagimitan mampanjangi waktu [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] nang disasuaikan oleh [[detik kabisat]]. Tarikan pasang surut Bulan cagar tarus balanjut sampai paputaran Bumi wan periode orbit Bulan sesuai. Tagal, Matahari cagar baubah jadi [[raksasa habang]] wan mamusnahkan Bumi jauh sawalum hal nitu kajadian.<ref>{{cite book|author = Murray, C.D. and Dermott, S.F.|coauthors = Stanley F. Dermott|title = Solar System Dynamics|year = 1999|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 978-0-521-57295-8|page = 184 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Dickinson|first = Terence|authorlink = Terence Dickinson|title = From the Big Bang to Planet X|year = 1993|publisher = [[Camden House]]|location = Camden East, Ontario|isbn = 978-0-921820-71-0|pages = 79–81 }}
</ref>

Pamukaan Bulan jua marasani pasang surut lawan amplitudo ~10&nbsp;cm, nang balangsung salawas 27 hari labih. Fenomena naya diulah oleh dua hal, yakni marga Bulan wan Bumi berada pada [[rotasi sinkron]], wan bamacam hal nang diulah oleh [[Matahari]].<ref name="touma1994"/> Komponen Bumi nang diinduksi tabantuk marga [[librasi]], nang diakibatkan oleh eksentrisitas orbit Bulan; amun orbit Bulan bulat sempurna, maka nang cagar muncul pasang surut surya wara.<ref name="touma1994" /> Librasi jua mengubah buncu panampaian Bulan, nang maulah pintangan 59% parmukaan Bulan talihat matan Bumi.<ref name="worldbook" /> Efek kumulatif matan fenomena pasang surut memicu tajadinya [[gempa bulan]]. Gempa bulan naya kada tapi rancak kajadian wan talamah kakuatannya pada [[gempa bumi]], bujur gempa naya kawa batahan sampai sajam marga kadada banyu nang bafungsi sawagai peredam getaran seismik. Fenomena gempa bulan naya merupakan penemuan kada terduga matan [[seismometer]] nang diandak di Bulan oleh [[astronaut]] [[Apollo]] matan tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Latham|first1 = Gary|year = 1972|last2 = Ewing|first2 = Maurice|last3 = Dorman|first3 = James|last4 = Lammlein|first4 = David|last5 = Press|first5 = Frank|last6 = Toksőz|first6 = Naft|last7 = Sutton|first7 = George|last8 = Duennebier|first8 = Fred|last9 = Nakamura|first9 = Yosio|displayauthors=9|title = Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal = Earth, Moon, and Planets|volume = 4|issue = 3–4| pages = 373–382|doi = 10.1007/BF00562004|bibcode = 1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref>

=== Garaha ===

{{main|Garaha matahari|Garaha bulan|Siklus garaha}}

{{multiple image
|width = 150
|footer = Matan Bumi, Bulan wan Matahari talihat baukuran sama. Matan satelit di orbit Bumi, Bulan kalihatan tahalus matan Matahari.
|image1 =Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg
|alt1 = The fiercely bright disk of the Sun is completely obscured by the exact fit of the disk of the dark, non-illuminated Moon, leaving only the radial, fuzzy, glowing coronal filaments of the Sun around the edge.
|caption1 = [[Garaha matahari 11 Agustus 1999|Garaha matahari 1999]]|image2 = STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg
|alt2 = The bright disk of the Sun, showing many coronal filaments, flares and grainy patches in the wavelength of this image, is partly obscured by a small dark disk: here, the Moon covers less than a fifteenth of the Sun.
|caption2 = Bulan balalu di hadapan Matahari, dikudak ulih wahana STEREO-B.<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony|work=Science@NASA|title=Stereo Eclipse|date=12 March 2007|accessdate=17 March 2010|url=http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|archive-date=2008-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
}}

[[Garaha]] kawa kajadian wayah Matahari, Bumi, wan Bulan bagana pada sabuting garis lurus (disambat lawan "[[Syzygy (astronomi)|syzygy]]"). [[Garaha matahari]] kajadian wayah [[bulan hanyar]], wayah Bulan bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Sabaliknya, [[garaha bulan]] kajadian wayah [[bulan purnama]], wayah Bumi bagana di antara Matahari wan Bulan. Ukuran Bulan nang kalihatan matan Bumi kikira sama lawan ukuran Matahari. Tagal, ukuran Matahari jauh taganal pada ukuran Bulan; jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan nang jauh banar maulah ukuran kadua banda langit naya kalihatan sama matan Bumi. Variasi ukuran naya, nang diulah ulih orbit nonsirkuler, jua pina sama, bujur kajadian dalam siklus nang balain. Hal naya maulah kajadian garaha matahari [[garaha total|total]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan taganal pada Matahari) wan [[garaha cincin|cincin]] (wayah Bulan kalihatan tahalus pada Matahari).<ref>{{cite web|first = F.|last = Espenak|year = 2000|url = http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html|title = Solar Eclipses for Beginners|publisher = MrEclipse|accessdate =17 March 2010}}</ref> Wayah garaha total, Bulan sabigian manukupi cakram Matahari wan [[korona]] surya, nang kawa diitihi lawan [[mata tilanjang]] matan Bumi. Marga jarak antara Matahari wan Bulan maningkat sacara bagamat matan waktu ka waktu,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> diameter buncu Bulan mangalami panurunan. Salain nitu, marga Matahari baevolusi jadi [[raksasa habang]], ukuran Matahari wan diameter tampaknya di langit jua maningkat bagamatan.{{efn|name=size changes}} Papaduan kadua kajadian naya mambuktiakan bahwa ratusan yuta tahun nang bahari, Bulan cagar saban manukupi Matahari wayah tajadinya garaha matahari, wan mungkin kadada garaha cincin nang kajadian wayah itu. Kaya nitu jua ratusan yuta tahun nang pacangan datang, Bulan kada lagi manukupi Matahari sabigian, wan garaha matahari total kada pacangan kajadian.<ref name = fourmilab>{{cite web|last=Walker|first=John|url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/|title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion|publisher=Fourmilab|date=July 10, 2004|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}</ref>

Orbit Bulan nang mangulilingi Bumi mangalami inklinasi kitaran 5° matan [[ekliptika|orbit Bumi mangulilingi Matahari]], jadinya garaha kada kajadian wayah saban bulan hanyar wan bulan purnama. Garaha pacangan kajadian amun Bulan bagana di parak pasimpangan dua bidang orbit.<ref name="eclipse" /> Periodisasi wan rekurs garaha matahari oleh Bulan, lawan garaha bulan oleh Bumi, kawa dijalasakan malalui teori [[Saros (astronomi)|saros]], nang baisi jangka waktu kitaran 18 tahun.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|last = Espenak|first = F.|title = Saros Cycle|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 17 March 2010|archiveurl = https://archive.ph/20120524183445/http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsaros/SEsaros.html|archivedate = 24 May 2012|dead-url = yes}}</ref>

Marga Bulan mahalangi pandangan manusia kitaran satangah darajat lingkaran pada area langit,{{efn|name=area}}<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area|author=Guthrie, D.V. |year=1947|journal=Popular Astronomy|volume=55|pages=200–203|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200|bibcode = 1947PA.....55..200G }}</ref> kajadian tarait kaya [[okultasi]] kajadian wayah sabuting bintang atawa planet tarang balalu di hagian balakang Bulan wan marasani okultasi, atawa tapatak matan itihan. Mahirip lawan kajadian naya, garaha matahari kajadian wayah Matahari tapatak matan itihan marga tatukupi Bulan. Marga jarak Bulan taparak lawan Bumi, okultasi bintang tunggal kada kawa talihat matan wadah mana haja di parmukaan Bumi pada waktu nang basamaan. [[Presesi]] pada orbit Bulan jua maulah kajadian okultasi nang balainan saban tahun.

== Talaah wan pamiritan ==

{{See also|Penjelajahan Bulan|Kolonisasi Bulan|Daftar benda buatan manusia di Bulan}}

[[Berkas:Moon by Johannes hevelius 1645.PNG|jmpl|alt=On an open folio page is a carefully drawn disk of the full moon. In the upper corners of the page are waving banners held aloft by pairs of winged cherubs. In the lower left page corner a cherub assists another to measure distances with a pair of compasses; in the lower right corner a cherub views the main map through a handheld telescope, whereas another, kneeling, peers at the map from over a low cloth-draped table.|Peta Bulan karya [[Johannes Hevelius]] dari ''[[Selenographia]]'' (1647), peta pertama yang menyertakan zona [[librasi]] Bulan.]]

=== Talaah panambaian ===
{{main|Penjelajahan Bulan#Sejarah awal|l1=Penjelajahan Bulan: Sejarah awal|Selenografi|Teori Bulan}}

Pamahaman bakanaan ulaian Bulan manandai panambaian pakambangan ilmu [[astronomi]]; wayah abad ka-5 SM, [[astronomi Babilonia|astronom Babilonia]] sudah mancatat [[siklus Saros]] 18 tahunan pada [[garaha bulan]],<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1006543|title=Saros Cycle Dates and Related Babylonian Astronomical Texts|first1=A. |last1 = Aaboe|first2= J. P. |last2 =Britton|first3= J. A. |last3 =Henderson, |first4= Otto|last4 = Neugebauer| authorlink4 = Otto Neugebauer |first5= A. J. |last5 =Sachs|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=81|issue=6 |year=1991|pages=1–75 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|quote=One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223&nbsp;months (or 18&nbsp;years).|postscript=<!--None-->|jstor=1006543}}</ref> <!--The texts discussed in that article are more recent than 490 BC and, as mentioned in the paper, the observations can have occurred no earlier than that. The earliest reference for the Metonic cycle in Neugubauer's (1957) ''The Exact Sciences in Antiquity'' is 380 BC (p. 140).--> wan [[Astronomi bangsa India|astronom India]] sudah manjalasakan bakanaan kajadian elongasi Bulan.<ref name="Sarma-Ast-Ind" /> [[Astronomi bangsa Tiongkok|Astronom Tiongkok]] [[Shi Shen]] (abad ke-4 SM) mambari pitunjuk nang baraitan lawan cara mangira garaha matahari wan bulan.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=411}} Imbahnya, bantuk fisik Bulan wan sumbar [[cahaya bulan]] mulai dikatahui. Filsuf [[Yunani kuno]] [[Anaxagoras]] (w. 428 SM) manyambat pada Matahari wan Bulan marupakan dua buting batu bulat yaksa nang mahasilakan cahaya.<ref>{{cite web|last = O'Connor|first = J.J.|coauthors = Robertson, E.F.|date=February 1999|url = http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Anaxagoras.html|title = Anaxagoras of Clazomenae|publisher = University of St Andrews|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref>{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=227}} Bangsa Tiongkok pada masa [[Dinasti Han]] parcaya pada energi Bulan sama lawan ''[[qi]]'', wan pamikiran buhannya bakanaan pangaruh radiasi Bulan manjalaskan bahwa cahaya Bulan baasal matan Matahari. [[Jing Fang]] (78–37&nbsp;SM) mancatat kabulatan Bulan gasan panambaian.{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=413–414}} Pada abad ka-2 M, [[Lucian]] manulis sabuting novel nang bakisah bakanaan saurang pahlawan nang manggawi bajalanan ka Bulan nang baurang. Pada tahun 499 M, astronom India [[Aryabhata]] manulis dalam bukunya ''[[Aryabhatiya]]'' pada cahaya Matahari maulah Bulan kalihatan tarang.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Aryabhata_I.html|title=Aryabhata the Elder |last1 =Robertson|first1 = E. F.|date = November 2000|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=15 April 2010|location=Scotland}}</ref> Astronom dan fisikawan [[Alhazen]] (965-1039) manyingkai pada [[cahaya matahari]] kada dipancarakan matan Bulan kaya sabuting caramin, tagal cahaya nitu dipancarakan ka sabarataan ampah matan saban hagian parmukaan Bulan nang ditarangi ulih cahaya matahari.<ref>{{cite book|location=Detroit|year=2008|publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons|title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography|chapter= Ibn Al-Haytham, Abū ʿAlī Al-Ḥasan Ibn Al-Ḥasan|author=A. I. Sabra|pages=189–210, at 195}}</ref> [[Shen Kuo]] (1031–1095) matan [[Dinasti Song]] mamadahakan sabuting alegori nang maibaratakan kajadian basinar wan mamudarnya cahaya Bulan lawan sabuting bal nang baputar; wayah diandaki lawan bubuk putih wan ditiring matan higa, maka pacangan kalihatan bantuk harit..{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=415–416}}

Dalam [[On the Heavens|panjalasan alam semesta]] ulahan [[Aristoteles]] (384-322 SM), Bulan manandai watas antara unsur nang kawa barubah (bumi, banyu, udara, wan api) lawan bintang-bintang abadi [[aether (unsur klasik)|aether]], pamikiran [[Fisika Aristoteles|filsafat bapangaruh]] nang mandominasi sains salawas berabad-abad imbahnya.<ref>{{cite book|last = Lewis|first = C. S.|authorlink = C. S. Lewis|title = The Discarded Image|url = https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3|year = 1964|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 978-0-521-47735-2|page = [https://archive.org/details/discardedimagein0000lewi_i1c3/page/108 108] }}</ref> Wayah abad ka-2 SM, [[Seleucus matan Seleucia]] mamadahakan pamikiran pada [[pasang surut]] kajadian marga kakuatan juhut Bulan, wan katinggian banyu pasang ditantuakan ulih posisi relatif Bulan tahadap [[Matahari]].<ref>{{cite journal|first = Bartel Leendert|last = van der Waerden| authorlink = Bartel Leendert van der Waerden|year = 1987|title = The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy|url = https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-the-new-york-academy-of-sciences_1987_500/page/n34|journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|volume = 500|pages = 1–569|pmid = 3296915|bibcode = 1987NYASA.500....1A |doi = 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37193.x }}</ref> Pada abad nang sama, [[Aristarchus matan Samos|Aristarchus]] [[Aristarchus On the Sizes and Distances|mahitung ukuran wan jarak]] Bulan matan Bumi, lawan jarak pintangan dua puluh kali [[radius Bumi]]. Pamikiran ngini imbahnya dikambangakan ulih [[Ptolemy]] (90–168&nbsp;M): inya bapandapat bahwa jarak rata-rata Bulan matan Bumi adalah 59 kali radius Bumi wan diameter 0,292 matan diameter Bumi. Angka ngini pina mamaraki jarak wan diameter nang sabujurnya, yakni pintangan 60 gasan jarak wan 0,273 gasan diameter.<ref>{{cite book|last = Evans|first = James|title = The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy|year = 1998|publisher = Oxford University Press|location = Oxford & New York|isbn = 978-0-19-509539-5|pages = 71, 386 }}</ref> [[Archimedes]] (287–212 SM) marancang sabuting planetarium nang kawa mahitung laju pagarakan Bulan wan objek nang lain di [[Tata Surya]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/31/science/31computer.html?hp|work=The New York Times|title=Discovering How Greeks Computed in 100 B.C.|date=31 July 2008|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref>

Pada [[Abad Panangahan]], sawalum dihaganya [[teleskop]], Bulan diyakini sabagai sabuting bal batu, bujur banyak jua nang parcaya pada parmukaan bulan "lanik banar".<ref>{{cite web|last = Van Helden|first = A.|year = 1995|url = http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/moon.html|title = The Moon|publisher = Galileo Project|accessdate = 12 April 2007|archive-date = 23 June 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040623085326/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/Moon.html|dead-url = yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1609, [[Galileo Galilei]] gasan panambaian maulah sabuting gambar teleskopis Bulan dalam bukunya nang bajudul {{lang|la|''[[Sidereus Nuncius]]''}} wan manjalasakan pada parmukaan Bulan kada lanik, tagal baisi pagunungan lawan kawah. Pamitaan teleskopis Bulan batarusan di sapanjang Abad Panangahan; pada abad ka-17, [[Giovanni Battista Riccioli]] wan [[Francesco Maria Grimaldi]] kawa maulah sabtung pangaranan  geologi Bulan nang tatap dipakai sampai wayahini. {{lang|la|''Mappa Selenographica''}} ulahan [[Wilhelm Beer]] wan [[Johann Heinrich Mädler]] (1834-1836), lawan buku {{lang|de|''Der Mond''}} (1837), marupakan buku panambaian nang bujur manjalasakan talaah bakanaan Bulan matan buncu itih [[trigonometri]], tamasuk katinggian labih pada saribu gunung di Bulan, wan maminanduakan talaah Bulan lawan tingkat akurasi nang kawa diukur ulih geografi Bumi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Consolmagno|first=Guy J.|year=1996|title=Astronomy, Science Fiction and Popular Culture: 1277 to 2001 (And beyond) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_leonardo_1996_29_2/page/128|journal=Leonardo|publisher=The MIT Press|volume=29|issue=2|page=128|jstor=1576348|doi=10.2307/1576348}}</ref> Kawah Bulan panambaian dicatat ulih Galileo, wan pamulaannya dianggap sawagai [[gunung baapi]] sampai tahun 1870-an, wan imbahnya [[Richard Proctor]] manjalaskan pada kawah-kawah nitu tabantuk marga rumpakan.<ref name="worldbook" /> Pandapatnya naya didukung ulih pacubaan nang digawi ulih geolog [[Grove Karl Gilbert]] pada tahun 1892, wan imbah pakambangan balajar pambandingan pada 1920-an sampai 1940-an,<ref name="Hall1977" /> [[skala waktu geologi Bulan|stratigrafi Bulan]] jadi cabang ilmu [[astrogeologi]] hanyar pada tahun 1950-an.<ref name="worldbook" />

=== Pamiritan langsung panambaian: 1959–1976 ===

==== Misi Uni Soviet ====

{{main|Program Luna|Program Lunokhod}}

[[Perang Dingin]] manunjul kajadian [[Perlombaan Angkasa]] antara [[Uni Soviet]] wan [[Amerika Serikat]], nang maulah adanya akselerasi kapantingan dalam [[pamiritan Bulan]]. Imbah paluncur baisi kamampuan nang diparluakan, kadua nagara ngini mangirim wahana nirawak malalui misi orbit atawa misi pandaratan di Bulan. Wahana ulahan Soviet, [[Program Luna|''Luna'']], adalah wahana pertama nang bahasil mancapai tujuan. Imbah maluncurakan tiga misi nirawak wan marasani kajajungan pada tahun 1958,<ref name="Zak 2009">{{cite web|url= http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html| first = Anatoly|last = Zak |year = 2009|title = Russia's unmanned missions toward the Moon|accessdate=20 April 2010}}</ref> banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang kaluar matan gravitasi Bumi wan malintas di parah Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 1]]''; banda ulahan manusia panambaian nang marumpak parmukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 2]]'', wan foto panambaian [[sisi jauh Bulan]] dikudak ulih ''[[Luna 3]]'', sabarataan digawi pada tahun 1959.<ref name="Zak 2009"/>

Wahana antariksa panambaian nang bahasil manggawi [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendaratan lunak]] di permukaan Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 9]]'', wan wahana nirawak panambaian nang mengorbit Bulan adalah ''[[Luna 10]]'', kaduanya terjadi pada tahun 1966.<ref name="worldbook" /> [[Batuan Bulan|Sampel tanah wan batuan Bulan]] dibawa ka Bumi oleh talu [[misi pambulikan sampel]] ''Luna'', yakni ''[[Luna 16]]'' pada 1970, ''[[Luna 20]]'' pada 1972, wan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada 1976, nang bahasil mambawa 0,3&nbsp;kg batuan wan tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm|title=Rocks and Soils from the Moon|publisher=NASA|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> Dua [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|rover]] robotika bubuhan nang bausaha pamulaan mandarat di Bulan pada tahun 1970 wan 1973 sawagai hagian matan [[program Lunokhod]] Soviet.

==== Misi Amerika Serikat ====
{{main|Program Apollo|Pendaratan di Bulan}}
[[Berkas:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg|jmpl|alt=The small blue-white semicircle of Earth, almost glowing with colour in the blackness of space, rising over the limb of the desolate, cratered surface of the Moon.|Gambar panambaian [[Bumi]] matan orbit Bulan, nang dikudak ulih [[Apollo 8]] pada malam Natal 1968. Afrika baandak di [[Terminator surya|terminator]] matahari tinggalam, Amerika ditukupi awan, wan Antarktika baandak di buncu kiri terminator.]]
[[Berkas:As11-40-5886, uncropped.jpg|jmpl|[[Neil Armstrong]] wan bandira Amerika Serikat di Bulan.]]

[[Amerika Serikat]] maluncurkan wahana kada baurang gasan mangambangakan pamahaman bakanaan parmukaan Bulan gasan kapantingan pandaratan baurang di hari kainahnya; [[Program Surveyor|program ''Surveyor'']] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] mandaratkan [[Surveyor 1|wahana panambaiannya]] ampat bulan imbah paluncuran ''Luna 9''. [[Program Apollo]] baurang [[NASA]] dikambangkan sacara paralel; imbah sarangkaian panaraian kada baawak wan baawak pada wahana Apollo di orbit Bumi, wan didorong oleh rancana paluncuran [[Program Bulan baawak Soviet|panarbangan Bulan Soviet]], [[Apollo 8]] mangirimakan misi baurang panambaian ka orbit Bulan pada tahun 1968. Misi imbahnya bahasil mandaratkan manusia gasan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan, nang dipandang ulih banyak pihak sawagai puncak [[Perlombaan Angkasa]].<ref name="CNN" /> [[Neil Armstrong]] manjadi manusia pamulaan nang bajalan di parmukaan Bulan sebagai pemimpin misi [[Apollo 11]] Amerika Serikat; inya manjajak kajajakan panambaian di parmukaan Bulan pada pukul 02:56&nbsp;UTC tanggal 21 Juli 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/ap11events.html|title=Record of Lunar Events, 24 July 1969|work=Apollo 11 30th anniversary|publisher=NASA.|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Misi Apollo 11 sampai 17 (kecuali [[Apollo 13]], nang pandaratannya diwalangiakan) bahasil babulik ka Bumi pada mambawa 382&nbsp;kg tanah wan batuan Bulan dalam 2.196 sampel tapisah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Dec09/PSRD-Apollo-lunar-samples.pdf|title=Celebrated Moon Rocks --- Overview and status of the Apollo lunar collection: A unique, but limited, resource of extraterrestrial material.|last=Martel|first=Linda M. V.|date=21 December 2009|publisher=Planetary Science and Research Discoveries|accessdate=6 April 2010}}</ref> [[Pendaratan di Bulan|Pendaratan Bulan]] Amerika Serikat dipicu ulih kamajuan teknologi nang pina hancap pada pahabisan 1960-an, misalnya kimia [[ablasi]], [[rekayasa perangkat lunak]], wan teknologi [[Proses penetrasi atmosfer|penetrasi atmosfer]], lawan manajemen nang babujuran kompeten sahubungan lawan upaya teknis nang ganal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.nasa.gov/ap11ann/legacy.htm|title=The Legacy of Project Apollo|last=Launius|first=Roger D.|date=July 1999|publisher=NASA History Office|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=SP-287 What Made Apollo a Success? A series of eight articles reprinted by permission from the March 1970 issue of Astronautics & Aeronautics, a publication of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.|publisher=Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|year=1971}}</ref>

Sajumlah instrumen ilmiah dipasang di parmukaan Bulan salawas misi pendaratan Apollo. [[Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package|Stasiun instrumen]] baumur panjang, tamasuk kapsul baaliran panas, [[seismometer]], wan [[magnetometer]], dipasang di lokasi pandaratan [[Apollo 12]], [[Apollo 14|14]], [[Apollo 15|15]], [[Apollo 16|16]], wan [[Apollo 17|17]]. Transmisi data langsung ka Bumi diampihi pada tahun 1977 marga partimbangan anggaran,<ref>{{cite press release| title = NASA news release 77-47 page 242| date = 1 September 1977| url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf| accessdate = 16 March 2010| format = PDF}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629121829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83129main_1977.pdf |date=29 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|accessdate = 29 August 2007|location = NASA Turns A Deaf Ear To The Moon|year = 1977|title = OASI Newsletters Archive|last = Appleton|first = James|coauthors = Radley, Charles; Deans, John; Harvey, Simon; Burt, Paul; Haxell, Michael; Adams, Roy; Spooner N.; Brieske, Wayne|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071210143103/http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/Miscellaneous/Archived_spaceflight_news.htm|archivedate = 2007-12-10|deadurl = yes}}</ref> tagal imbah stasiun [[rentang laser Bulan]] manjadi instrumen pasif, transmisi data masih batarusan digawi. Komunikasi jarak di stasiun sacara rutin ditarima oleh stasiun Bumi lawan akurasi babarapa sentimeter, wan data matan eksperimen naya dipakai gasan manantuakan ukuran inti Bulan.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Dickey|first = J.|year = 1994|title = Lunar laser ranging: a continuing legacy of the Apollo program|journal = Science|volume = 265 |pages = 482–490|doi = 10.1126/science.265.5171.482|pmid = 17781305|issue = 5171|bibcode=1994Sci...265..482D|display-authors = 1|last2 = Bender|first2 = P. L.|last3 = Faller|first3 = J. E.|last4 = Newhall|first4 = X X|last5 = Ricklefs|first5 = R. L.|last6 = Ries|first6 = J. G.|last7 = Shelus|first7 = P. J.|last8 = Veillet|first8 = C.|last9 = Whipple|first9 = A. L.}}</ref>

=== Misi damini: 1990–damini===
<imagemap>
File:Moon Soft Landings.svg|jmpl|ka|450px|Andak pandaratan di Bulan. Tanggal pandaratan dalam [[UTC]].

rect 15 5 92 31 [[Luna 9|]]
rect 415 5 500 33 [[Surveyor 1|]]
rect 15 35 101 61 [[Luna 13|]]
rect 414 32 500 56 [[Surveyor 3|]]
rect 415 58 500 84 [[Surveyor 5|]]
rect 416 85 501 110 [[Surveyor 6|]]
rect 416 112 501 138 [[Surveyor 7|]]
rect 415 138 493 163 [[Apollo 11|]]
rect 415 165 500 192 [[Apollo 12|]]
rect 8 65 101 91 [[Luna 16|]]
rect 7 94 101 122 [[Luna 17|]]
rect 408 192 490 218 [[Apollo 14|]]
rect 408 218 496 244 [[Apollo 15|]]
rect 7 124 99 151 [[Luna 20|]]
rect 406 246 500 271 [[Apollo 16|]]
rect 407 272 501 297 [[Apollo 17|]]
rect 7 155 97 182 [[Luna 21|]]
rect 7 185 93 212 [[Luna 23|]]
rect 7 215 102 242 [[Luna 24|]]
rect 6 271 100 297 [[Chang'e 3|]]

desc bottom-left
</imagemap>
Imbah Apollo wan ''Luna'', magin banyak nagara nang uumpatan dalam pamiritan Bulan sacara langsung. Pada tahun 1990, [[Jepang]] jadi nagara ka-talu nang mangirimakan pasawat luar angkasa ka orbit Bulan lawan maluncurakan wahana ''[[Hiten]]''. Wahana naya diluncurakan lawan kapsul nang tahalus bangaran ''Hagoromo'' di urbit Bulan, tagal transmisi data walang digawi, jadinya misi naya diampihakan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hiten-Hagomoro|publisher=NASA|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2011-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614115823/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Hiten&Display=ReadMore|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada tahun 1994, Amerika Serikat maluncurakan wahana ''[[Clementine (pesawat luar angkasa)|Clementine]]'' ka orbit Bulan, nang marupakan misi gabungan antara Departemen Pertahanan wan [[NASA]]. Misi naya bahasil mangudak peta topografi Bulan dalam jarak parak wan maambil gambar [[foto multispektral|multispektral]] parmukaan Bulan gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Clementine information|publisher=NASA|year=1994|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/cleminfo.html|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref> Misi naya diumpati misi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'' pada tahun 1998, nang bahasil mahaga adanya kalabihan [[hidrogen]] di kutub Bulan, nang diduga diulah marga adanya banyu es babarapa meter di atas regolith di dalam kawah kadap parmanin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lunar Prospector: Neutron Spectrometer|publisher=NASA|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|year=2001|accessdate=29 March 2010|archive-date=2010-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527105801/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/neutron.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

''[[SMART-1]]'', pasawat luar angkasa Eropa nang marupakan wahana [[propulsi ion|bertenaga ion]] kadua, baandak di orbit Bulan matan tanggal 15 November 2004, wan diampihakan imbah pangandalinya marumpak Bulan pada tanggal 3 September 2006. Misi ngini marupakan misi panambaian nang bahasil manyurvei sacara rinci unsur kimia di parmukaan Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/SMART-1/SEMSDE1A6BD_0.html|title=SMART-1 factsheet|date=26 February 2007|publisher=European Space Agency|accessdate=29 March 2010}}</ref>

[[Tiongkok]] jua babujuran handak banar gasan maluncurakan [[Program Penjelajahan Bulan Tiongkok|program pamiritan Bulan]], dimulai lawan ''[[Chang'e 1]]'', nang bahasil maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 5 November 2007 sampai kaakhirannya marumpak Bulan tanggal 1 Maret 2009.<ref name="xinhua_20090301" /> Dalam misi salawas anam walas bulan, wahana ngini bahasil maambil foto Bulan sacara sabarataan. Tiongkok manyambung kabahasilan ngini lawan maluncurakan ''[[Chang'e 2]]'' pada bulan Oktober 2010, nang hampai di Bulan dua kali taancap pada ''Chang'e 1''. Misi ngini bahasil mamitaakan Bulan dalam resolusi nang tatinggi dalam waktu kikira walu bulan, imbahnya maninggalakan orbit Bulan gasan maitihi paluasan [[titik Lagrangian]] L2 Bumi-Matahari. Wahana ngini tarabang malintasi asteroid [[4179 Toutatis]] pada 13 Desember 2012, wan imbahnya langlam ka angkasa luar. Pada tanggal 14 Disimbir 2013, ''[[Chang'e 3]]'' manyambung misi pandahulunya lawan mangirimakan sabuting [[Lander (pesawat luar angkasa)|pendarat]] ka parmukaan Bulan, nang kaakhirannya maluncurakan saikung [[penjelajah Bulan]] bangaran ''Yutu'' (Mandarin: 玉兔; sacara tunggal hurufan artinya "Kelinci"). Damintu, ''Chang'e 3'' marupakan wahana panambaian nang manggawi pandaratan lunak di parmukaan Bulan matan ''[[Luna 24]]'' pada tahun 1976, wan jua misi panambaian nang maluncurkan [[rover (penjelajahan luar angkasa)|pamirit]] matan ''[[Lunokhod 2]]'' pada 1973. Tiongkok barancana gasan maluncurakan misi pamirit lainnya (''[[Chang'e 4]]'') pada tahun 2015, lawan misi paambilan sampel (''[[Chang'e 5]]'') pada tahun 2017.

Antara tanggal 4 Oktober 2007 wan 10 Juni 2009, [[JAXA|Badan Penjelajahan Antariksa Jepang]] maluncurakan misi ''[[SELENE|Kaguya]] (Selene)'', pangorbit Bulan nang dilangkapi lawan kamera [[video definisi tinggi|video berdefinisi tinggi]] wan dua satelit pamancar radio halus. Misi ngini bahasil maulihi data geofisika Bulan wan maambil video berdefinisi tinggi matan luar orbit Bumi gasan panambaian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/profile/index.htm|title=KAGUYA Mission Profile|publisher=JAXA|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|title=KAGUYA (SELENE) World's First Image Taking of the Moon by HDTV|date=7 November 2007|publisher=Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)|accessdate=13 April 2010|archive-date=2010-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316190341/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2007/11/20071107_kaguya_e.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Misi pamiritan Bulan panambaian [[India]], ''[[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan I]]'', maorbit Bulan matan tanggal 8 November 2008 sampai kahilangan kontak pada 27 Agustus 2009, nang manggawi pamitaan fotogeologi wan mineralogi parmukaan Bulan dalam resolusi tinggi. Misi ngini jua mahaga adanya molekul-molekul banyu di dalam tanah Bulan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/Chandrayaan/htmls/mission_sequence.htm|title=Mission Sequence|date=17 November 2008|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] barancana gasan maluncurakan ''[[Chandrayaan II]]'' pada tahun 2013, nang jua dikawani lawan sabuting robot pamiritan Bulan ampun [[Rusia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/scripts/futureprogramme.aspx#Space|title=Indian Space Research Organisation: Future Program|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|title=India and Russia Sign an Agreement on Chandrayaan-2|date=14 November 2007|publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation|accessdate=13 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217203828/http://isro.org/pressrelease/Nov14_2007.htm|archivedate=2007-12-17|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tagal, kagagalan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Rusia maulah proyek ngini magalami panundaan.

Misi Bulan masa hadapan nang lain adalah ''[[Luna-Glob]]'' Rusia; nang maliputi sabuting pandarat kada baurang, rangkaian seismometer, wan pengorbit nang sarupa lawan misi ''[[Fobos-Grunt]]'' Mars nang tawalangi.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.aviationnow.com/avnow/news/channel_awst_story.jsp?id=news/aw060506p2.xml|title = Russia Plans Ambitious Robotic Lunar Mission|last = Covault|first = C.|publisher = Aviation Week|date = 4 June 2006|accessdate =12 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/Top_News/2009-02-25/Russia_to_send_mission_to_Mars_this_year__Moon_in_three_years_.html|title=Russia to send mission to Mars this year, Moon in three years |date=25 February 2009|publisher="TV-Novosti"|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Pamiritan Bulan nang didanai swasta dikambangakan oleh [[Google Lunar X Prize]], diumumakan pada 13 Siptimbir 2007, nang manawarakan duit sanilai US$20&nbsp;juta gasan siapa haja nang kawa mandaratakan sabuting robot pamiritan di Bulan wan nang mahibaki katantuan nang lain.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Google Lunar X Prize|publisher=X-Prize Foundation|url=http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|year=2010|accessdate=24 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228024532/http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/about-the-prize|archivedate=2010-02-28|dead-url=no}}</ref> [[Shackleton Energy Company]] lagi mangambangakan sabuting program gasan manggawi operasi di kutub salatan Bulan dalam rangka mangumpulakan banyu gasan memasok [[Propellant Depot]] ampun buhannya.<ref>{{cite web
  | title = Mining the Moon's Water: Q&A with Shackleton Energy's Bill Stone
  | publisher = Space News
  | last = Wall
  | first = Mike
  | date = 14 January 2011
  | url = http://www.spacenews.com/10619-mining-moon-water-bill-stone-110114.html
  }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=Agustus 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
  
NASA [[Masa Depan Penjelajahan Luar Angkasa|barancana gasan manyambung misi baurang]] imbah adanya saruan matan Presiden AS [[George W. Bush]] pada tanggal 14 Januari 2004 gasan maluncurkan misi berawak ka Bulan pada tahun 2019, lawan maulah sabuting pangkalan di Bulan pada tahun 2024.<ref>{{cite press release|url = http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html|title = President Bush Offers New Vision For NASA|date = 14 December 2004|publisher = NASA|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510062228/http://www.nasa.gov/missions/solarsystem/bush_vision.html |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title = NASA Unveils Global Exploration Strategy and Lunar Architecture|publisher = NASA|date = 4 December 2006|url = http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html|accessdate = 12 April 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823131906/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/dec/HQ_06361_ESMD_Lunar_Architecture.html |date=23 August 2007 }}</ref> Tagal, program nitu diwalangi gasan rancana pandaratan baurang di sabuting asteroid pada tahun 2025 wan misi pengorbit [[Mars]] berawak nang rancananya pacangan diluncurakan pada tahun 2035.<ref>{{cite web|author=NASAtelevision |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rNn_cUrlmE |title=President Obama Pledges Total Commitment to NASA |publisher=YouTube |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=7 May 2012}}</ref> [[India]] jua manyatakan niatnya gasan mangirimakan misi baurang ka Bulan pada tahun 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.space.com/news/061110_india_mannedspace.html| publisher = SPACE.com|title = India's Space Agency Proposes Manned Spaceflight Program| date = 10 November 2006| accessdate =23 October 2008}}</ref>

== Astronomi matan Bulan ==
Salawas batahunan, Bulan diakui sawagai lokasi nang bagus gasan [[teleskop]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Takahashi
  | first = Yuki
  | title = Mission Design for Setting up an Optical Telescope on the Moon
  | publisher = California Institute of Technology
  | date = September 1999
  | url = http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/
  | accessdate = 27 March 2011
  | archive-date = 2015-11-06
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151106142659/http://www.ugcs.caltech.edu/~yukimoon/MoonTelescope/
  | dead-url = yes
  }}</ref> Andakannya pina parak sampai [[panglihatan astronomi]] kada pacangan jadi masalah; kawah tatentu di parak kutub kadap wan dingin sacara permanen, wan lawan damintu babujuran bamanfaat gasan [[teleskop inframerah]]; wan [[teleskop radio]] di hadapan jauh pacangan talindung matan pamandiran radio di Bumi.<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Chandler
  | first = David
  | title = MIT to lead development of new telescopes on moon
  | work = MIT News
  | date = 15 February 2008
  | url = http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/moonscope-0215.html
  | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref> [[Tanah Bulan]], meskipun menjadi kendala bagi bagian teleskop yang bergerak, bisa dicampur dengan [[karbon nanotube]] dan [[epoksi]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Naeye
  | first = Robert
  | title = NASA Scientists Pioneer Method for Making Giant Lunar Telescopes
  | publisher = Goddard Space Flight Center
  | date = 6 April 2008
  | url = http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html
  | accessdate = 27 March 2011
  | archive-date = 22 December 2010
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101222142443/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2008/lunar_telescopes.html
  | dead-url = yes
  }}</ref> Sebuah [[teleskop zenith]] Bulan bisa dibuat dengan mudah menggunakan [[cairan ion]].<ref>{{cite web
  | last = Bell
  | first = Trudy
  | title = Liquid Mirror Telescopes on the Moon
  | work = Science News
  | publisher = NASA
  | date = 9 October 2008
  | url = http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/09oct_liquidmirror/
  | accessdate =27 March 2011}}</ref>

Pada bulan April 1972, misi [[Apollo 16]] maambil babagai gambar astronomi wan spektrum [[ultraungu]] lawan mamakai [[Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_16/experiments/f_ultra/ |title=Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph |publisher=Lpi.usra.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref>

== Status hukum ==
{{main|Hukum ruang angkasa}}

Bujur bandira ''[[Program Luna|Luna]]'' Uni Soviet tasabar di Bulan, wan [[bendera Amerika Serikat]] sacara simbolis ditajak di lokasi pandaratan oleh [[Daftar astronaut Apollo|astronaut Apollo]], kadada sabubuting nagara nang manyambat jadi ampun bagian parmukaan Bulan sampai wayah ini.<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Rusia wan Amerika Serikat marupakan dua nagara nang manikin [[Perjanjian Luar Angkasa]] pada tahun 1967,<ref name="unoosa_q4" /> nang manyataakan bahwa Bulan wan kasabarataan luar angkasa adalah "[[warisan bersama umat manusia|prupinsi gasan sabarataan umat manusia]]".<ref name="unoosa_q6" /> Parjanjian ngini jua mawatasi pamanfaatan Bulan gasan tujuan damai, sacara eksplisit kada mambulihakan pamasangan sarana militer wan [[sanjata pamusnah massal]] di Bulan.<ref name="unoosa_q5" /> [[Perjanjian Bulan]] 1979 batujuan gasan mambatasi eksploitasi sumber daya Bulan oleh sabuting nagara, tagal parjanjian naya balum ditikin sabubuting nagara pamirit luar angkasa.<ref name="unoosa_moon" /> Bujur barapa urang sudah mangaku ampunnya sabaraan atawa sapalih parmukaan Bulan, tagal kadada sabubuting nang dianggap bujuran.<ref name="unoosa_q7" /><ref name="iisl_2004" /><ref name="iisl_2009" />

== Dalam budaya ==
{{Further|Bulan dalam fiksi|Almanak bulan|Deifikasi bulan|Efek bulan|Bulan biru|Bulan (pananggalan)}}
[[Berkas:Moon-bonatti.png|jmpl|Luna, sang Rembulan, dari ''Liber astronomiae'' edisi 1550 karya [[Guido Bonatti]].]]

[[Fase Bulan]] nang taatur manjadiakan inya sawagai panunjuk waktu nang pas banar, wan wayah muncul wan hilangnya Bulan di langit maulah dasar gasan sawagian ganal pananggalan bahari. [[Tongkat hitungan]], artefak tulang nang baumur pintangan 20-30.000 tahun, diparcaya oleh babarapa pihak sawagai pananda fase Bulan.<ref name="Marshack" /><ref>Brooks, A. S. and Smith, C. C. (1987): "Ishango revisited: new age determinations and cultural interpretations", ''The African Archaeological Review'', 5 : 65–78.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Duncan|first = David Ewing|title = The Calendar|url = https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5|year = 1998|publisher = Fourth Estate Ltd.|isbn = 978-1-85702-721-1|pages = [https://archive.org/details/calendar5000year0000dunc_l8r5/page/10 10]–11 }}</ref> ~30 hari dalam sabulan marupakan waktu pangiraan [[siklus Bulan]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, kata banda ''month'' wan kata badangsanak dalam [[rumpun bahasa Jermanik|bahasa Jermanik]] lainnya baasal matan kata Proto-Jermanik ''*mǣnṓth-'', nang manunjukakan adanya pamakaian [[kalender bulan]] oleh [[bangsa Jermanik]] ([[kalender Jermanik]]) sabalum pamakaian [[almanak matahari]].<ref name="barnhart-and-germania" /><ref>{{cite book|author = Smith, William George|title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Oarses-Zygia|url = http://books.google.com/?id=PJ0YAAAAIAAJ|accessdate = 29 March 2010|volume = 3|year = 1849|publisher = J. Walton|page = 768 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author = Estienne, Henri|title = Thesaurus graecae linguae|url = http://books.google.com/?id=0qQ_AAAAcAAJ|accessdate = 29 Marit 2010|volume = 5|year = 1846|publisher = Didot|page = 1001 }}</ref>

[[Berkas:Moonstar.jpg|jmpl|kiri|[[Bintang dan bulan sabit|Bulan sabit]] wan "bintang" (disini adalah planet [[Venus]]) marupakan [[simbol Islam]], ditampaiakan pada bandira nagara nang kaya: {{flag|Turkey|name=(Turki)}}, {{flag|Algeria|name=(Aljazair)}} wan {{flag|Pakistan|name=(Pakistan)}}.]]

Bulan sudah manjadi pamandiran matan banyak ulahan seni wan sastra, lawan inspirasi gasan bidang seni lainnya. Bulan dijadiakan sawagai motif dalam seni visual, seni partunjukan, syair, prosa, wan musik. Sabuting ukiran batu baumur 5.000 tahun di [[Knowth]], [[Irlandia]], diduga manggambarakan Bulan, nang marupakan panggambaran Bulan paling pamulaan tahaga.<ref name="spacetoday" /> Palainan visual antara dataran tinggi nang tarang wan kawah ''[[Mare|maria]]'' nang kadap malahirkan pola nang diitih ulih sajumlah budaya sabagai sosok [[Manusia di Bulan]], [[Kalinci Bulan|kalinci]], hadangan, dan lain samacamnya. Dalam sahagian ganal budaya kuno wan prasajarah, Bulan diumpamakan sawagai [[Deifikasi bulan|saikung dewi]] atawa kajadian [[supernatural]] nang lain, wan [[Bulan (astrologi)|pandangan astrologi tahadap Bulan]] tatap tasabar sampai wayah ini.

Bulan baisi paran panting dalam [[Islam]]; [[almanak Islam]] didasarakan pada pariode Bulan, wan di sahagian ganal nagara Muslim, pamulaan atawa pahabisan bulan ditantuakan oleh panampakan [[hilal]], atawa bulan sabit pamulaan, di atas cakrawala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamic Calendars based on the Calculated First Visibility of the Lunar Crescent|publisher=University of Utrecht|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal_hilal.htm|accessdate=2014-01-11}}</ref> [[Bintang wan bulan sabit]], nang pamulaannya marupakan simbol [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]], wayah ini dipakai sawagai simbol masyarakat Muslim. [[Mambalah bulan]] ({{lang-ar|انشقاق القمر}}) diparcaya oleh umat Muslim sawagai mukjizat nabi [[Muhammad]].<ref>"Muhammad." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, p.13</ref>

Bulan baisi hubungan nang panjang lawan kagilaan wan macam-macam nang kada masuk akal; dalam bahasa Inggris, kata ''lunacy'' wan ''lunatic'' (secara populer disingkat ''loony'', artinya gila) baasal matan kata [[bahasa Latin]] ''Luna'', nang baarti Bulan. Filsuf [[Aristoteles]] wan [[Pliny the Elder]] bapandapat pada [[bulan purnama]] manularakan kagilaan pada uurang nang rantan. Buhannya parcaya pada otak manusia, nang sahagian ganalnya tadiri matan banyu, dipangaruhi oleh Bulan nang manguasai [[pasang surut]], tagal gravitasi Bulan talalu halus gasan mamangaruhi saikung urang.<ref name="sciam" /> Malahan wayahini, uurang parcaya pada pasien rumah sakit jiwa, kacalakaan lalu lintas, kasus pambunuhan atawa bunuh diri pacangan maningkat wayah bulan purnama, bujur kadada bukti ilmiah nang mandukung parnyataan tarsabut.<ref name="sciam" />
{{clr}}

== Itihi jua ==
{{Portal|Tata Surya}}
{{Wikipedia books
 |1=Bulan
 |3=Tata Surya
}}
* [[Bulan Bumi nang lain]]
* [[Ilusi bulan]]
* [[Satelit alami]]
* [[2006 RH120]]
== Referensi ==
=== Catatan ===
{{notes
| notes =
{{efn
| name = maxval
|''Nilai maksimum'' didasarakan pada skala katarangan matan nilai -12,74 nang dibariakan gasan jarak khatulistiwa ka pusat Bulan, atawa 378.000 manurut NASA, hingga jarak minimum Bumi-Bulan nang dicantumakan disini, imbah disasuaiakan lawan radius khatulistiwa Bumi, yakni 6.378, sahingga jaraknya adalah 350.600 km. Nilai minimum (wayah [[bulan hanyar]]) didasarakan pada skala nang sama lawan mamakai jarak Bumi-Bulan maksimum, atawa 407.000 km, wan lawan mahitung katarangan cahaya bulan wayah bulan hanyar. Katarangan cahaya bulan adalah {{nowrap|[[Albedo]] Bumi ×}} {{nowrap|([[radius bumi]] /}} Radius [[orbit Bulan]])<sup>2</sup>&nbsp;] rilatif tahadap pancahayaan langsung dari Matahari nang tajadi saat bulan purnama. ({{nowrap|Albedo Bumi {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap|Radius Bumi {{=}} radius (kutub}}&nbsp;× {{nowrap|radius khatulistiwa)<sup>½</sup> {{=}} 6 367 km}}.)
}}

{{efn
| name = angular size
| Kisaran nilai ukuran buncu nang dicantumakan badasarakan pada skala sederhana matan nilai nang tadapat dalam referensi: jarak khatulistiwa Bumi ka pusat Bulan adalah 378.000 km, ukuran sudutnya adalah 1.896 [[detik busur]]. Referensi nang sama mancantumakan jarak ekstrem Bumi-Bulan adalah 407.000 km wan 357.km 000. Gasan manantuakan ukuran buncu maksimum, jarak minimum harus dikoreksi sasuai lawan radius khatulistiwa bumi, yakni 6.378 km, supaya hasilnya 350.600 km.
}}

{{efn
| name = pressure explanation
| Lucey ''et al.'' (2006) manyataakan {{nowrap|10<sup>7</sup> partikel cm<sup>−3</sup>}} wayah siang hari wan {{nowrap|10<sup>5</sup> partikel cm<sup>−3</sup>}} pada malam hari. Marga suhu permukaan khatulistiwa nang mencapai 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] pada siang hari wan 100&nbsp;K pada malam hari, [[hukum gas ideal]] mahasilakan tikinan nang sawagaimana nang dicantumakan pada kotak info (dibulatakan sampai mamaraki [[urutan magnitudo]]): 10<sup>−7</sup>&nbsp;[[Pascal (satuan)|Pa]] pada siang hari wan 10<sup>−10</sup>&nbsp;Pa pada malam hari.
}}

{{efn
| name = near-Earth asteroids
| Tadapat sajumlah [[asteroid parak Bumi]], tamasuk [[3753 Cruithne]], nang ma[[ko-orbit]] Bumi: orbit buhannya manjauhi Bumi gasan beberapa periode waktu tagal imbahnya manggawi paorbitan dalam waktu lawas (Morais et al, 2002). Adapula [[quasi-satelit]]&nbsp;– buhannya lain satelit marga buhannya kada maorbit Bumi. Gasan informasi talanjut, itihi [[Satelit Bumi nang lain]].
}}

{{efn
| name = Charon and Pluto
| [[Charon (bulan)|Charon]] secara proporsional taganal gasan ukuran [[Pluto]], tagal Pluto imbah direklasifikasi sawagai [[planet katai]]. 
}}

{{efn
| name = age
| Usia naya dihitung matan pananggalan isotop batuan Bulan.
}}

{{efn
| name = orbpd
| Nang pasnya, periode sidereal Bulan (bintang tatap ka bintang tatap) adalah 27,321661&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 11,5d)}}, wan periode orbit tropis rata-ratanya (dari ekuinoks ke ekuinoks) adalah 27,321582&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(27h 07j 43m 04,7d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107).
}}

{{efn
| name = synpd
| Nang pasnya, periode sinodis rata-rata Bulan (antara rata-rata konjungsi matahari) adalah 29,530589&nbsp;hari {{nowrap|(29h 12j 44m 02,9d)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, pada hal.107).
}}

{{efn
| name = brightness
| [[Magnitudo tampak]] Matahari adalah −26.7, wan magnitudo tampak bulan purnama adalah −12.7.
}}

{{efn
| name = area
|  Sacara rata-rata, Bulan maliputi area saluas 0,21078 derajat parsagi di langit malam.
}}

{{efn
| name = size changes
| Itihi gambar di [[Matahari#Fase hidup]]. Wayah ini, diameter Matahari maningkat lawan laju pintangan lima parsen par miliar tahun. Angka ngini pina sama lawan laju diameter buncu Bulan nang bakurang marga surut matan Bumi.
}}

}}

=== Kutipan ===

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<ref name="hauri">
{{cite journal
|last = Hauri
|first = Erik
|coauthors = Thomas Weinreich, Albert E. Saal, Malcolm C. Rutherford, James A. Van Orman
|date = 26 May 2011
|title = High Pre-Eruptive Water Contents Preserved in Lunar Melt Inclusions
|journal = Science Express
|volume = 10
|issue = 1126
|doi = 10.1126/science.1204626
|bibcode = 2011Sci...333..213H
|page = 213
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<ref name="GB2009">
{{cite journal
|doi = 10.1126/science.1166804
|last1 = Garrick-Bethell
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|last2=Weiss
|first3= David L.
|last3=Shuster
|first4= Jennifer
|last4=Buz
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|title = Early Lunar Magnetism
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|volume = 323
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<ref name="Stern1999">
{{cite journal
|last = Stern
|first = S.A.
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<ref name="Sridharan2010">
{{cite journal
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|issue = 6
|volume = 58
|title = 'Direct' evidence for water (H2O) in the sunlit lunar ambience from CHACE on MIP of Chandrayaan I
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<ref name="SolarViews">
Hamilton, Calvin J.; Hamilton, Rosanna L., ''The Moon'', [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/moon.htm Views of the Solar System], 1995–2011
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<ref name="bbc">
{{cite news
|title = 'Coldest place' found on the Moon
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|first =Jonathan 
|last =Amos
|accessdate =20 March 2010
|date = 16 December 2009
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{{cite book|author = V V Belet︠s︡kiĭ|title = Essays on the Motion of Celestial Bodies|url = http://books.google.com/?id=byWZusmVSecC|year = 2001|publisher = Birkhäuser|isbn = 978-3-7643-5866-2|page = 183 }}
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<ref name="Moon">
{{cite web
|title = How Bright is the Moon?
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|publisher = Amateur Astronomers, Inc.
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<ref name="Lambeck1977">
{{cite journal
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|year = 1977
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}}
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<ref name="touma1994">
{{cite journal
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|first = Jihad
|coauthors = Wisdom, Jack
|year = 1994
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|date = 2 May 2006
|url = http://eclipse99.nasa.gov/pages/faq.html
|title = Eclipse 99, Frequently Asked Questions
|publisher = NASA
|accessdate = 12 April 2007
|archive-date = 2007-02-11
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{{cite book|last = Sarma|first = K. V.|authorlink = K. V. Sarma|editor = Helaine Selin|editor-link = Helaine Selin|title = Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136|edition = 2|year = 2008|publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn = 978-1-4020-4559-2|pages = [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli_136/page/n331 317]–321|contribution = Astronomy in India }}
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<ref name="Hall1977">
{{cite web
|url = http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm
|title = Appendix A: LUNAR THEORY BEFORE 1964
|last = Hall
|first = R. Cargill
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<ref name="CNN">{{cite news
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|title = 'Giant leap' opens world of possibility
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|accessdate = 16 March 2010
|archive-date = 20 January 2012
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{{cite news
|url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm
|title = China's first lunar probe ends mission
|date = 1 March 2009<!-- 19:28-->
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|accessdate =29 March 2010
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</ref>

<ref name="unoosa_q6">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6
|title = Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own?
|publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
|accessdate =28 March 2010
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<ref name="unoosa_q4">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4
|title = How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space?
|date = 1 January 2006
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<ref name="unoosa_q5">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5
|title = Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space?
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|accessdate =28 March 2010
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<ref name="unoosa_moon">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html
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|publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
|accessdate =28 March 2010
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<ref name="unoosa_q7">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7
|title = The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals?
|publisher = United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
|accessdate =28 March 2010
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<ref name="iisl_2004">{{cite web
|url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf
|title = Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004)
|year = 2004
|publisher = International Institute of Space Law
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<ref name="iisl_2009">{{cite web
|url = http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf
|title = Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009)
|date = 22 March 2009
|publisher = International Institute of Space Law
|accessdate = 28 March 2010
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<ref name="Marshack">
Marshack, Alexander (1991): ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY.
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<ref name="barnhart-and-germania">
For etymology, see {{cite book|last = Barnhart|first = Robert K.|title = The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology|year = 1995|publisher = Harper Collins|isbn = 978-0-06-270084-1|page = 487 }} For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book|last = Birley|first = A. R. (Trans.)|title = ''Agricola and Germany''|series = Oxford World's Classics|year = 1999|publisher = Oxford|location = USA|isbn = 978-0-19-283300-6|page = 108 }}
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<ref name="spacetoday">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html
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|accessdate =12 April 2007
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<ref name="sciam">
{{cite web
|title = Lunacy and the Full Moon
|publisher = Scientific American
|year = 2009
|first1 =Scott O.
|last1 = Lilienfeld
|first2 = Hal
|last2 = Arkowitz
|url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon
|accessdate =13 April 2010
}}
</ref>

}}

=== Bibliografi ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book|last = Needham|first = Joseph|title = Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth|url = http://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC|year = 1986|publisher = Caves Books|isbn = 978-0-521-05801-8|place = Taipei }}
{{Refend}}

{{Tata Surya}}

[[Tumbung:Tata Surya]]
[[Tumbung:Halaman dengan terjemahan tak tertinjau]]